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Cognitive Dissonance - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Dissonance
Demonstrations of Cognitive Dissonance
Post-Decisional Spreading of Alternatives
: dissonance aroused after making a
choice between two close alternatives
(e.g.,
"It was better all along..."
)
Favorable Household Products
IV
: choose between 2 favorites vs given 1 favorite
Results
: choose between 2 = increased post-evaluation of chosen product + decreased post-evaluation of unchosen product (i.e.,
spreading of alternatives
)
DV
: post-choice evaluation
Horse Betting
IV
: before bet vs after bet
DV
: how well you believe your horse will do
Results
: after bet, belief that chosen horse has better chance of winning
Effort Justification
: dissonance aroused from exerting effort (e.g.,
"It must be worth the effort..."
)
When Prophecy Fails
DV
: impact on true believers (i.e., acted on deep conviction)
Results
: committed members were even more convinced than they were previously
Chiropractors
DV
: impact on chiropractors who had staked their professional reputation on a pseudoscience
Results
: stronger cognition triumphs (e.g., belief in pseudoscience); weaker cognition changes (e.g., belief in scientific method)
Hazing
IV
: mild vs severe hazing
Results
: higher interest in severe hazing condition
DV
: interest level in joining group (after listening to very boring recording)
Inadequate Justification
: an act seems unjustified when we don't know the reasons behind our behavior (dissonance), leading to efforts to create a justification (resolution) (e.g.,
"It wasn't that bad after all..."
)
Yale and Local Police
: write favorable essays about local police (i.e.,
counter-attitudinal
)
IV
: payment amount ($0.5, $1, $5, $10)
Results
: later approval of police was inversely related to payment
DV
: later approval of police
Compensation for a Dull Task
: tell the next subject that the task was "interesting" (i.e.,
attitude-discrepant behavior
)
IV
: $1 vs $20
Results
: $1 (insufficient justification) subjects had more favorable attitudes than $20 (sufficient justification) subjects
DV
: later attitude toward dull task
Dissonance vs Self Perception
Dissonance
: physiologically arousing and aversive (unexplained)
Effects of Drugs on Memory
: take inert placebo drug and write a
counter-attitudinal essay
IV
: choice vs no choice (insufficient vs sufficient justification)
Results
: in no choice, "side effect" of drug has no effect whereas in high choice, "side effect" of drug has great effect
Logic
Perception Theory
would have been correct if arousal did not matter
Dissonance Theory
is correct because arousal matters in the high choice condition (arousal and insufficient justification)
IV
: "side effect" of drug ("aroused", "relaxed", "none")
DV
: attitudes regarding counter-attitudinal essay topic
Self-Perception
: rational inference
Definitions
Cognitive Dissonance
:
inconsistency between a person's beliefs and their behavior
Dissonance
: an aversive emotional state
Dissonance Reduction
Generally,
high attachment cognitions will triumph
Low attachment cognitions will change
(i.e., creatively reinterpreted to achieve consonance)
Dissonance is exacerbated for individuals with high self-esteem
Resolution
: efforts to restore consistency