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Causal Attribution & Attribution Biases - Coggle Diagram
Causal Attribution & Attribution Biases
Types of Attributions
Internal Attributions
: dispositional
External Attributions
: situational
Kelley's Covariation Model
: a rational process of attribution
Distinctiveness
: generalizability of target's behavior to other contexts
External Attributions
: high consensus (not unique), high distinctiveness (doesn't generalize), high consistency
Consistency
: consistency of target's behavior
Consensus
: target's behavior similar to others' behavior
Internal Attributions
: low consensus (unique behavior), low distinctiveness (generalizes), high consistency
Attribution Biases
Actor-Observer Bias
: actors and external attributions + observers and internal attributions
Weak/Relative Form
: tendency for actors to attribute their behavior more externally than internally over observers + observers to attribute actors' behavior more internally than externally over actors
Brierbrauer's Milgram Study
: participants view reenactment of Milgram study
Results
: seeing the situational forces doesn't eliminate actor-observer bias
Strong/Absolute Form
: tendency for actors to attribute their behavior externally + observers to attribute actors' behavior internally
Getting to Know You
: participants observe a staged "getting to know you" conversation
IV
: actor vs observer
DV
: attributions of actor's behavior to dispositional or situational factors
Results
: actors emphasizes situational + observer emphasizes dispositional
Getting To Know You + Perspective
: effect of viewing perspective on attributions
IV
: observer from actor's perspective vs original perspective
IV
: actor from observer's perspective vs original perspective
Results
: no actor-observer bias observed with switched perspective
DV
: causal attributions
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
: observers make an
error
when they tend to
underestimate impact of situational factors / overestimate impact of dispositional factors
when explaining an actor's behavior
Fidel Castro Essays
IV
: pro-Castro vs anti-Castro
IV
: essay writer had "free choice" vs "no choice"
Results
: even with "no choice", observers tended to infer a disposition that matched outward behavior
DV
: observer inference about writer's disposition on Castro
Quiz Show
: questioner asks contestant "challenging but not impossible" questions
IV
: role (questioner, contestant, observer)
Results
: observers rate questioners as more knowledgeable despite situational role-conferred advantage
DV
: knowledge ratings of questioner and contestant
Causes of FAE
Cognitive effort to integrate situational factors
Easier and fairer to attribute others' behaviors dispositionally
Situational factors on behavior are not salient to observers
Strategic reasons
Perceiver Induced Constraint
: effect of unmistakable constraint (clear situational factors) on FAE
Results
: FAE still occurs