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Muscular System Gabriela Orellana P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Muscular System
Gabriela Orellana
P.5
Major functions of the muscular system:
Skeletal:
Movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture
Cardiac:
Pumping action of the heart
Smooth:
Movement of viscera, peristalsis,vasocontraction
3 types of muscles & their functions:
Skeletal:
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Function:
Muscle contraction pulls the insertion toward the origin, Movements of bones at joints, maintenance of posture.
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Location:
The less movable end of a skeletal muscle
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Mode of Control:
Voluntary
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Characteristics:
Striations, Many nuclei, Well-developed transverse tubule system
Smooth:
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Function:
Movement of viscera, peristalsis, vasoconstriction
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Location:
Walls of hollow viscera, blood vessels
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Mode of Control:
Involuntary
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Characteristics:
No striations, Single nucleus, Lacks transverse tubules
Cardiac:
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Function:
Pumping action of the heart
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:
Location:
Only found in the heart
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Mode of Control:
Involuntary
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Characteristic:
Striations, Single Nucleus, Well-developed transverse tubule system; intercalated discs separating adjacent cells.
Names of all the skeletal muscle (including face):
Superior Body Muscles (Posterior):
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Pectoralis Major
Deltoid
Serratus Major
Biceps Branchii
Rectus abdominis
Branchioridials
External Oblique
Palmaris Longus
Iliopsoas
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Posterior Body Muscles (Posterior):
Sartorious
Gracilis
Adductor Lonus
Rectus Femons
Vastus Lateral
Vastus Medialis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis Anterior
Fibularis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Anterior Body Muscles (Superior):
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid (shoulder)
Rhomboid
Triceps brachii
Extensor carpi radialis Longus
Extensor Digitorum
Trapezius
Infraspinatus
Teres Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteus Maximus
Anterior Body Muscle (Posterior):
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gastrochemius
Soleus
Fibularis Longus
Facial Muscle:
Temporalis:
-Action:
Jaw closes, Retracts & Elevates
Zygomaticus:
-Action:
Smiling
Buccinator:
-Action:
Compresses cheek, chewing maintains food in surface
Orbicularis oris:
-Action:
Pucker Lips
Frontalis:
-Action:
Eyebrow raise, Scrunch forehead
Orbicularis Oculi:
-Action:
Blink
Masseter:
-Action:
Raises jaw
Platysma
-Action:
Tense Neck
Sarcomere:
Z line:
Where the Sarcomere extends from and connects to
I Bands (Light Bands):
Made up of actin filaments, anchored to the Z lines
A bands (dark hands):
Made up of overlapping thick and thin filaments.
H zone:
Found in the center, consists of Myosin filaments only
M line:
Found in the center of H zone, consists of proteins that hold the Myosin filaments in place.
Neuromuscular Junction:
A Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber that it regulates
Motor Neuron:
Causes the skeletal muscle fibers to contract when stimulated by a motor neuron
Synapse:
Created by the skeletal muscle fibers being functionally connected to the axon of a motor neuron
Neurotransmitters:
Chemicals used by the neuron to communicate with the muscle fiber
Motor end plane:
The region in the muscle fiber membrane
Synaptic Cleft:
A space that separates two neuron
Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction:
Step 1:
Calcium ions are released by sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sacroplasm
Step 2:
ATP breaks which releases energy, then releasing the head of the myosin
Step 3:
Calcium ions bind to troponin, exposing the binding site on the actin filament.
Step 4:
The myosin head attaches to the exposed binding site on the actin filament, forming a crossbridge.
Step 5:
The flexing of the crossbridge pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere
Step 6:
An ATP molecule reattaches to the ATP binding site on the myosin head
Step 7:
The myosin head is released from the actin filaments binding site and the binding site is covered up again
Step 8:
With the ATP molecule in place on the myosin head and calcium ions present, the cycle can continue.
Action potential in a muscle fiber:
Step 1:
Acetylcholine (Ach) is released from the axon terminal of a motor neuron and bind to receptors in the motor end plate
Step 2:
Action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down T tubules
Step 3:
The action potential triggers Ca^2+ release from SR
Step 4:
Ca^2+ binds to troponin, exposing myosin-binding sites
Step 5:
Crossbridge cycle begins (muscle fiber contracts)
Step 6:
Ca^2+ is actively transported back into lumen of SR following the action potential
Muscle Coverings:
Fascia:
Layers of dense connective tissue that surround and separate each muscle
Tendons:
Tissue that connects to the muscle and bone
Aponeuroses:
Broad sheets of connective tissue that sometimes connects to each other
Epimysium:
The layer of connective tissue around each skeletal muscle
Perimysium:
A tissue that extends from the epimysium which surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle fibers, called
fascicles
Endomysium:
A connective tissue later that covers each muscle cell