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Social Norms & Pluralistic Ignorance - Coggle Diagram
Social Norms & Pluralistic Ignorance
Pluralistic Ignorance
: the inference that
identical behaviors
of the self and others reflect
different beliefs
3 Steps to Pluralistic Ignorance
:
(1) self-censorship
(fear of embarrassment/rejection)
(2) incorrect inferences
(no one else is self-censoring)
(3) conclusion
(identical behaviors = different beliefs)
Social Inhibition
: read incomprehensible article in a group
IV
: possibility to ask questions (allowed vs not allowed)
Results
: when allowed to ask questions (but no one asks), lower ratings of understanding compared to others
Conclusions
: inferring
different beliefs
(level of understanding) from
identical behaviors
(non-responding) with
insufficient situational explanation
(when allowed to ask questions)
DV
: rate understanding relative to others
Bystander Non-Intervention
: diffusion of responsibility + pluralistic ignorance
"Crash"
IV
: presence of others (alone, face-to-face w/ subject, back-to-back w/ subject)
Results
: max investigation when alone, then face-to-face, then back-to-back
Conclusions
: conformity and availability of reaction
DV
: subject investigates crash
Smoke-Filled Room
IV
: presence of others (alone, +2 confederates, +2 subjects)
Results
: max report when alone, min report with 2 passive confederates
Conclusions
: conformity due to pluralistic ignorance
DV
: subject reported smoke
College Drinking
: identical behaviors = different beliefs
Reducing Pluralistic Ignorance
: exposure
Social Norms
Injunctive/Prescriptive Norms
: what behaviors are approved of/disapproved of in particular situations
Descriptive Norms
: what behaviors are performed
on average
in particular situations
Power of Descriptive Norms
: hotel towel reuse rates
IV
: nature of message (standard vs descriptive norm)
DV
: towel reuse rate
Results
: towel reuse rates increased when the message was a descriptive norm message
Conclusions
: tendency for behavior to move in direction of a communicated social norm