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clinical, WELL WELL LOOK WHOS INSIDE AGAIN - Coggle Diagram

- - - - relaxation training of manually increasing and releasing tension in the body like in the forehead and the neck, and breathing techniques relax the body and reduce the physio symptoms of anxiety
      - benzodiazepines were discovered in the 50s and provide relief from anxiety symptoms.
      - scheinle et al 2011: 16 GAD women and 15 neurotypical women were given questionnaires about anxiety, the penn state worry questionnaire (used for both clinical and non clinical cases), the metacognition questionnaire (for assessing worry beliefs) and becks depression index. then they underwent structural mri scans. the GAD women had higher scores for all the questionnaires, and increased grey amtter in the amygdala on both hems, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in the right hem, and the anterior cingulate cortex in both hems. their penn state scores were related to the ACC and DMPFC grey matter volumes, the megacognition was related to the the grey matter of the right DMPFC.
        
        explanations are that heightened excitability of anxiety is linked to the amygdala function, the constant worrying is to the DMPFC and the ACC is to the anticipated arousal.
        
        female only sample cos GAD more common in women
  - - - fear is a useful sstem, but the sympathetic system and cortisol are built for specific rapid fire responses to immediate danger - overuse of these systems resutls in exhaustion, decline in effectiveness and damage
    - - anxiety uk 2012: 1)social phobia, 2)agoraphobia, 3)emetophobia, 4)erythrophobia, 5)driving phobia
      - scharmuller et al 2011: took 25 women who had a phobia of spiders and compared their EEG recordings w 20 non phobic women. they were shown 160 images of either spiders, disgust, neutral or fear stim. everyone was reviewed by a phobia psychiatrist to make sure they were in the right groups, and took the bdi, the spider phobia questionnaire, the state trait anxiety inventory, and the disgust sensitivity assessment questionnaire. the phobia group showed higher rates of arousal, valence, and fear but not disgust. at the 2 measurements (340-500ms/p300, 550-770ms/lpp) there was more activation in phobic vs non phobic. for the p300 phobic had more activation in the cingulate cortex, the cuneus, precuneus, and paracentral area. for the lpp there was more activation in the cingulate cortex and the superior, medial frontal regions
        
        activation in the cuneus and the precuneus is linked w attention and detection of salient stimuli so activated in phobia to focus on the fearful stim
        
        activation in the superior frontal cortex linked w exec top down processing so top down attention focussing - activation of the supplementary motor area for voluntary movement prep and organising, comes thru as an urge to flee and avoid the fearful situ
        
        activation in the cingulate cortex for attention - also indicates a deeper processing of the stim - identifying dangerous stim activates the cingualte cortex.
        
        the link between the phobia and the sensorimotor system linked to the embodiment theory by garbarini and adenzato 2004 - phobic ppl react to observing the stim as if theyre actually interacting w it
    - - specifically social situations, 6% will experience symptoms at least 1ce in their lifetime, focus on shy temperament, higher for lower ses, low self esteem and too much focus on neg self evals, slightly more women than men diagnosed.
      - DSM5: marked fear of social situ(s), fears of acting in an anxious manner and receiving judgement. social situs almost always evoke anxiety, actively avoided, persistent, disporportional
  - - - smith 1975: the motmot bird is a predator of snakes but avoids the coral snake, easy to avoid cos of their specific scale patterns. some motmot birds were raised in captivity and then presented with some sticks w patterns on them. 1 stick had the same pattern as the coral snake, then a stick w an independent pattern, a stick w the coral snake colours but not pattern, stick w only 1/2 of of it in the coral snake pattern. pecked all of the sticks except the bits w the coral snake pattern despite being raised in a lab, so bio hard wiring
      - mineka et al 1984: do lab reared rhesus monkeys show the same snake avoidant behaviour as wild reared monkeys? exp 1 7 wild reared and 9 lab reared adult rhesus monkeys were tested using the wisconsin general ttest aparatus (a cage leading to a box w the test stim in the middle and a food reward on the ledge the other side of the box, have to reach over to get the food) and the sackett self selection circus (starter cage leading to 4 other cages set up like the wgta and see the preferential behaviour). test stim was an actual boa constrictor, a lifelike snake toy, a snake toy, electrical chords and wooden blocks. both showed a delay for reaching for the food w the wgta w the snakes in and preferred non snake boxes in the circus, the wild ones major more so than the lab.
        
        exp 2: 5 of the used wild rhesus and 6 of their bbs raisedd in the lab were tested like exp 1, except the bbs did the wgta before hand and showed little fear of the snakes or the neutral stim. they then went thru 6 sessions of watching the aprents interact w the stim and then testedd after every 2 sessions for their own reaction. the bbs grew more fearful of the stim after wathing the parents but still not to the same extent
        
        some bio preparedness but it needs to be activated and validated by the environment of the individ
      - mineka and cook 1989: as an extension of their 1988 work to replicate and extend the findings. 1988 had ambiguous conclsions to be made so they wanted to clarify and replicate.
        
        exp 1: they had 22 lab monkeys 1st do a pretest WGTA to the stim, then watch some vids then do a post test. the stim was a toy snake and some fake flowers. the vids were split into 2 groups of 2: the model acted scared of the snake but fine w the flowers: the model acted scared of the flowers but fine w the snake. post test present the observers w the stim again. pretezt both groups of observers were fine w both sitms, but afterwards only the group that saw the scary snake were late picking up the food and showed disturbed behaviours
        
        exp2: did the same thing but w a toy crocodile, a toy rabbit and some neutral stim. the croc was supposed to replace the snake stim, the rabbit the flowers and neutral for control. same results, neutral was minimal latency and disturbed behaviour
        
        so bio prepared fear more readily learnt than environ irrelevant stim fear - snakes and crocodiles are dangerous and prevalent in india so monkeys probs evolved to be scared of them earlier on
      - hugdahl and karker 1981: 42 human partics went thru classical conditioning w UCS = electric shocks (uncomfortable but not painful apparently) CS=pictures. 3 conditions: snakes and spiders, electric stuff like plugs and leads, and neutral stim like colour slides. habituation made it so that response to the stims were neutral, acquisition was learning of the CS and UCS, extinction was responses to just CS again. there was no diff between the groups and their habituation and acquisition, but snake/spider group showed remaining effects of the conditioning during extinction but not w the other groups
        
        maaaaaybe some bio preparedness but its a stretch
    - - breiter et al 1996: partics were shown standardised facial expressions and their brain responses were recorded: fearful has a bilateral activation of the amygdala
  - - - so short cos the sympathetic system isnt meant to deal w ongoing stress so gets tired after a short amount of time
    - - panic attacks can be induced by sodium lactate in panic disorder ppl so theres a bio underlining for the disorder
      - locus ceruleus: in the the posterior of the pons, 20-50000 neurons in a lil blob, main spot for the norepinephrine - when activated it triggers a panic attack, can repress the reward centre, increases awareness and activates fight/flight responses