Ch1 Understanding Scientific Research
traditional method of acquiring knowledge
science
🚩pseudoscience
intuition
authority
🚩rationalism
🚩empiricism (experience)
🚩assumption
🚩 characteristic
role of theory
role of scientific
🚩objective
cannot distinguish accurate or not
may be wrong
design study & interpret data
hypotheses
can lead two different result
derive hypotheses, identify the outcome is true or false
researcher bias (past perception, memory can drastically change)
must be conducted under controlled condition
tenacity (habit)
method
induction (specific to general,sample to population) or
deduction (general to specific,population to sample)
🚩good hypothesis
variable can be observed or measured
the relationship between variables
the hypothesis can be overthrown (falsification)
hypothesis testing
Duhem-Quine thesis: the observation
may be wrong, instead the theory
naturalism
reject foundational epistemology (deductive and fully certain), should study empirically
empirical adequacy: prediction, support, causal
uniformity or regularity in nature
uniformity or regularity in natural: notion determinism(fully caused by prior natural factors), found probabilistic cause (weaker determinism)
reality in nature
discoverability
control (holding constant or eliminate third variable)
operationism
🚩replication
too strict, single operational definition isn't comprehensive
multiple operationalism: multiple measure to construct
fail: effect doesn't exit, not a exact replication,
effect depends on context
🚩meta-analysis: describe the relationship between multiple research study
summarize, integrate, guide new research, interaction between theory and empirical observation (discovery-inductive, justification-deductive)
curiosity
patience
objectivity: attitude cannot affect research
change: devise new method or technique
description: portray phenomenon
(characteristic and degree) accurately,
explanation: identify cause and effect
prediction eg. academic success
control: manipulate which influence result,
(a) comparison group (b) eliminate influence of extraneous
(c) manipulate to produce change
creating new hypotheses
exclusive use of confirmation and interpretation of negative finding as support
absence of self-correction
reversed burden of proof
over-reliance on testimonial and anecdotal evidence support
use professional word make people confusing and believe
absence of connection to other disciplines
collect data, concur with experience is accepted