Ch1 Understanding Scientific Research

traditional method of acquiring knowledge

science

🚩pseudoscience

intuition

authority

🚩rationalism

🚩empiricism (experience)

🚩assumption

🚩 characteristic

role of theory

role of scientific

🚩objective

cannot distinguish accurate or not

may be wrong

design study & interpret data

hypotheses

can lead two different result

derive hypotheses, identify the outcome is true or false

researcher bias (past perception, memory can drastically change)
must be conducted under controlled condition

tenacity (habit)

method

induction (specific to general,sample to population) or
deduction (general to specific,population to sample)

🚩good hypothesis

variable can be observed or measured

the relationship between variables

the hypothesis can be overthrown (falsification)

hypothesis testing

Duhem-Quine thesis: the observation
may be wrong, instead the theory

naturalism

reject foundational epistemology (deductive and fully certain), should study empirically

empirical adequacy: prediction, support, causal

uniformity or regularity in nature

uniformity or regularity in natural: notion determinism(fully caused by prior natural factors), found probabilistic cause (weaker determinism)

reality in nature

discoverability

control (holding constant or eliminate third variable)

operationism

🚩replication

too strict, single operational definition isn't comprehensive

multiple operationalism: multiple measure to construct

fail: effect doesn't exit, not a exact replication,
effect depends on context

🚩meta-analysis: describe the relationship between multiple research study

summarize, integrate, guide new research, interaction between theory and empirical observation (discovery-inductive, justification-deductive)

curiosity

patience

objectivity: attitude cannot affect research

change: devise new method or technique

description: portray phenomenon
(characteristic and degree) accurately,

explanation: identify cause and effect

prediction eg. academic success

control: manipulate which influence result,
(a) comparison group (b) eliminate influence of extraneous
(c) manipulate to produce change

creating new hypotheses

exclusive use of confirmation and interpretation of negative finding as support

absence of self-correction

reversed burden of proof

over-reliance on testimonial and anecdotal evidence support

use professional word make people confusing and believe

absence of connection to other disciplines

collect data, concur with experience is accepted