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Unit 1: Introduction (pre-600 BCE) and Classical Period (600 BCE - 600…
Unit 1: Introduction (pre-600 BCE) and Classical Period (600 BCE - 600 BCE)
Neolithic Revolution
10,000BCE-3500BCE
development of agriculture
Why?
Ice Age - disappearance of big game
Warmer climates - better conditions to settle down
hunter gatherers still a large part of population
pastoral nomads
- herding animals
facilitate trade, spread of religion/tech
#
genetic engineering of crops (intentional or not)
First Civilizations Period
3500BCE - 600BCE
civilization
- communities of people with:
food surpluses
job specialization/social hierarchy
governments (some people with political power)
unique culture
writing/record keeping
internal/long distance trade
*monuments (disputed)
state
- place with a strong government that doesn't have a stronger government over it
ex: US, Canada
food surplus
division of labor
upper class
struggle to maintain power
rule by force
rule by legitimacy:
acceptance by people: divine power, heredity/tradition (monarchy), ruler helps the people
later: consent of the governed
Mesopotamia
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites
group of city-states where one becomes the leader
Ziggurats
cuneiform
code of Hammurabi
- law code, Babylonian, endorsed harsh punishments
Epic of Gilgamesh
Religions:
agriculture brings new forms of polytheism
inherent risk to becoming monotheistic because it requires ignoring other gods
Zoroastrianism
1500-1200BCE
Ahura Mazda
is one true god
shift to
responsibility + morality
Hebrew monotheism/Judaism
2000-1000BCE
Yahweh
- creator and maintainer of world
Covenant
- protection in exchange for devotion
Vedic Religion
Indo Aryans go south into India and meet Dravidians
Vedic Age
(1500-500BCE) - four Vedas written (religious texts)
Brahmins have extensive power and can conduct
rituals
movement to bring back meaning to rituals
Classical Period
600BCE-600CE
a strong foundation for future civilizations + looked upon with reverence
Themes
strong cultures with durable legacies
emergence of permanent trade networks (private exchange)
development of empires (better than "First Civilizations)
Axial Age
(800-200BCE) - period of rapid development of religions + belief systems
#
Confucianism
people can be good in a properly ordered society
#
Han Dynasty (200BCE-200CE)
ideal relationships between people
family is mini version of state
father as head
responsibility to take care of family
wife/children as inferior
loyalty to family :arrow_right: loyalty to emperor
Five Great Relationships
ruler - subject
husband - wife
father - son
older brother - younger brother
older friend - younger friend
Analects
- teachings of Confucius written after death
practicalities of interpersonal relationships
rituals
are important for social reasons
superior has responsibility to be role model
mostly for male, wealthy people
Three Confucian Values
filial piety (xiao)
humaneness (ren)
being considerate of others, especially higher than onself
ritual (li)
acceptable ways to act in public
belief system
religion
organized
spiritual/sacred element
moral code
complex set of beliefs
shared by a large group of people
philosophical
#
Hinduism (brahmanism)
by acquiring
karma
one can break out of the cycle (
samsara
) and reach moksha/brahman
#
#
#
dharma
- moral codes/obligations
Trimurti
- three main deities
Vishnu - protector
Shiva - destructor
Brahma - creator
300 million + gods because people have personal gods
brahman
- everything/moksha
How to acheive?
asceticism
- depriving yourself of physical comfort
meditation - lets you realize
maya
(life) is illusion
going up caste system
#
being extremely devoted to deity + dharma
#
Upanishads
(900-500BCE) - teachings about reality/immortality (spiritual)
Buddhism
#
similar to Hinduism
brahman :arrow_right: nirvana
NO castes, priests, rituals
Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha) - grew up in upper class + saw how lower classes lived
religious equality of souls
no focus on deities (elaborate rituals/priests)
there are monks/nuns that devote themselves to religion, but that's it
Tripitaka
- Buddhist teachings/scriptures
Four Noble Truths
Suffering is universal
Desire is the cause of suffering
Letting go of desire can minimize suffering
The
Eightfold Path
is the way to eliminate desire
achieving wisdom
ethical conduct
mental development/practice
Theravada Buddhism
- stricter Buddhism, spread to SE Asia (Thailand, Laos)
Mahayana Buddhism
- less strict, spread to East Asia (China)
#
The Middle Way
- moderation + non-extremism
"practice mindfulness"
Daoism
religion with focus on the way (Dao)
#
Daodejing by Laozi
withdraw from physical world (materialism/intellectual study)
we wei: effortless action
living in harmony with nature
yin-yang
syncretism
- blending of old and new beliefs
belief system: does not have spiritual aspect
Legalism
people are corrupt and harsh rule is necessary to bring order to society
#
during Qin Dynasty (200BCE)
not a true belief system
Greek Philosophy
#
Socrates
rationalism + socratic method
Plato
idealism, philosopher kings
Aristotle
empiricism, focus on earthly subject matter
Greece/Rome
starts as republic (500BCE-27BCE)
become corrupt :arrow_right: empire
Caesar Augustus "First Man"
Pax Romana
- general period of peace + thriving economy/culture
reliance on aristocracy
Senate + consuls
aristocratic assembly
large scale organization with local automony
Roman law code applies "equally" to all societies
influences Western reliance on law
increase stability in society
law should evolve without changing wildly
roman legion/military forces
Athenian democracy
polis - Greek city state
citizens active politically
disliked monarchy, preferred tyranny
lots of political theory
Cicero
- Roman writer/senator
sponsored official religion, but did not enforce
attacked Christianity (took focus off of state)
Greek/Roman mythology
epics: Iliad, Odyssey
tragedies: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles
sculptures, mosaics
China
centralized government with elaborate bureaucracy
civil service exams to qualify for government
Five Classics
- poetry, documents, rites, I Ching (divination), Confucian teaching
used in civil service exam
emphasis on poetry
The Art of War
by Sun Tzu
calligraphy, pottery, silk, sculptures
detail, craftsmanship
The Four Occupations
civil service exam for moving to scholar gentry
scholar gentry
peasant farmers - necessary for society
craftspeopleartisans
merchants/traders (do not produce anything)
"mean people": unskilled jobs
patriarchy, obedience to parents
women have power over daughters in law/sons
India
regionalism
- usually ruled locally
unified by Hinduism + caste system
strong guilds (streni) in cities
epics: Mahabharata
Kamasutra "Laws of Love"
Indian emphasis on emotion
lively, passionate; religious figures
caste system
extremely rigid social hierarchy
brahmins - priests, intellectuals
kshatriyas - police, army, government
vaishyas - farmers, merchants, business
shudras - craftspeople, workers
untouchables - work with dirt, death, blood
patriarchy BUT female role models, emphasis on loving home
Transregional Exchange
Silk Road - China to Mediterranean
luxury goods
Sea lanes: Indian Ocean + Mediterranean
China to SE Asia
lateen sails
India-Arabia
square sails
Trans Saharan caravans with camels
