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Ch2 Research Approach - Coggle Diagram
Ch2 Research Approach
Data collection
test: 1. measure personality,
aptitude, achievement 2. reliability, validity, norms
disadvantage: 1. expensive 2. not appropriate for different culture
advantage: 1. allow comparability of other research
measure of characteristic
questionaires
advantage: subjective view, inexpensive
disadvantage: must be short, reactive effect
interview
advantage: in-depth information,measure attitude
disadvantage: expensive and time-consuming,
reactive effect(show what social want)
focus group
advantage: subjective view, measuring attitude
disadvantage: reactive effect,
investigator effect(untrained interviewers might distort data)
observation
advantage: subjective, observe people unwilling to say disadvantage: investigator effect, reactive effect
Type
naturalistic or laboratory
time interval or event
complete observer(won't inform participant), observer as participant(less time, informed), participant as observer(long time, informed), complete participant(as a participant)
remember: well trained, sensitive yourself and others reaction, rapport, reflexive unobtrusive empathetic, effective record, validate what you see,make observation in multiple setting, spend time in field
data
document: advantage:insight, past data
Archived: inexpensive, ease of data analysis
disadvantage: incomplete, one perspective(not comprehensive) Archived: be dated, most important has been found
type
existing
document: personal or official
physical: material
archived research(secondary): collect by others
Quantitative
Experimental
setting
field (場域,in real life): easier to generalize founding, less control extraneous
laboratory: more control of extraneous variable,less generalize
internet: advantage: large sample, cost saving, diverse population disadvantage: multiple submission, lack control, self-selection
Characteristics
:red_flag:prove the
cause and effect(causation)
need 3 factors
IV, DV are related or not, significant or not
IV exist before DV
no other plausible explanation
Nonexperimental (no manipulation,
nature state, don't build causation)
Correlational-degree of relationship:
can prediction, cannot clarify causality(third variable)
path analysis (test relationship by how it fit to model,
weak: based on nonexperimental data):
direct effect, indirect effect(occur through mediating variable)
Natural Manipulation(don't manipulate directly):
problem is extraneous variable
Cross-sectional(different group in same time): age cohort problem(different age have different experience affect result)
cohort sequential: different group in long time
Longitudinal(same group in different time):
participants drop out, highly cost
:red_flag:Variable / constant :star:
Categorical (by type) or
Quantitative (by degree, amount eg. height)
Independent (cause change[DV] and being
manipulated
) or Dependent (being effect by IV)
mediating(中介, between cause and effect)
eg. anxiety ->
distraction
-> memory
and moderation(調節, has requirement)
eg. anxiety cause memory loss depends on the level of fatigue.
extraneous(third confounding, cannot control, affect result)
:red_flag:Definition of
psychological experimental
objective observation
accept human will make mistake
identify the mistake
avoid error
strictly control
one or more varied, others constant
can be replication
groups must be the same(random)
phenomenon was make to occur
the difference
between quantitative and qualitative
quantitative: 1. numerical 2. hypothesis, testing, finish incomplete analysis 3. easily analysis
qualitative: 1. non-numerical 2. interpretive, participants subjective view 3. exploring phenomenon, additional level of research 4. multimethod 5. natural setting 6. insider's view, comprehensive 7. easily generate theoretical understanding 8. hard to generalize 9. different interpretation by different people 10. objective hypothesis is not used
between experimental and non-experimental
advantage
experimental: infer causal(description and explanation[why the relationship exist]), can manipulate variable, control(control extraneous variable by holding them constant, random, matching)
disadvantage
experimental: doesn't test effect of non-manipulate variable, artificiality(laboratory to reality), inadequate method of scientific inquiry(people aren't mechanistic)
goal
nonexperimental: describe phenomenon, relationship
experimental: identify cause and effect
correlation and nature manipulate:
the effect of manipulate can act as a characteristic,
the experience can be seen as nature manipulate