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Threats Facing Singapore - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In 2018, Malaysia demanded of a higher selling price of water
      - Water demand will double to 3.2 billion litres per day by 2060
      - Government Actions
        
        Focus on Science, Innovation and technology to increase self-sufficiency in water supply
        
        Focus on long-term water sustainability through cutting daily domestic water consumption through public education campaigns
  - - - Government Actions
        
        Setting up of Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS)
        
        CCRS to cooperate with counterparts in neighbouring countries to study how climate change is affecting SEA
        
        Singapore, as part of the Paris Climate Agreement is committed to slow down and cap carbon dioxide emissions by 2030.
        
        Emphasis on waste reduction and sustainability in daily habits
        
        Implementation of localised measures such as requiring new developments to be built at least 4m above mean sea level
        
        Building of second pump house at the Marina Barrage
        
        Plans to reclaim a series of islands from Marina East to Changi to build polders
    - - Government Actions
        
        Enlisting help of Economic Development Board to foster partnerships between companies with complementary capabilities in developing new agricultural and food technology products
        
        Leveraging nation's connectivity and the free trade environment to import food from multiple sources
        
        Delays in overseas trade brought about by COVID-19 underscored Singapore's vulnerabilities to supply disruptions
        
        Emphasis on local production
        
        Goal of local production of 30% of Singapore's nutritional needs by 2030
        
        Exploring alternative and underutilised spaces for urban farming
        
        Redeveloping and repurposing rooftops and underutilised spaces in the cityscape to provide more spaces for urban farming
    - - What is it?
        
        Biggest climate conference since the Paris summit in 2015
        
        Crucial in setting worldwide emission targets to slow global warming
        
        Emphasis on quicker emissions cuts and push towards carbon neutrality
        
        Overall goal to limit global temperature rises to <1.5 degree celcius above pre-industrial levels
        
        Strengthening the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) made during the Paris Agreement, which are deemed as inadequate in meeting the overall goal
        
        Zero emissions target by 2050 was set during COP21 in 2015, when the Paris Agreement was reached, but some critics are saying that the 2015 targets will not achieve zero emissions in time
      - Challenges
        
        Major factors that have contributed to climate change and global warming, namely population growth and the per capita consumption of energy is unlikely to be addressed
        
        Proposals to reduce the use of fossil fuels are not favoured by the oil and coal producing countries, as it compromises their commercial interests
        
        Thousand fold difference in the per capita consumption of electricity of the richest and the poorest countries (G20 countries are responsible for 75% of global emissions)
        
        Financial subsidies from developed nations to developing nations that were promised during COP15 in Copenhagen and COP21 in Paris have not yet been honoured.
        
        China's absence from the COP26 conference might be an indication that the biggest CO2 producer has no more concessions to offer at the summit
        
        China's crippling energy supply crunch might make it even more difficult for China to set more ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions
        
        However, rather than making more concessions, China and India's top priority is to secure a strong financing deal allowing richer countries to meet their Paris Agreement commitment to provide $100 billion per year to help pay for climate adaptation and transfer clean technology in the developing world
      - SAF's Actions/Challenges
        
        Nature of SAF seems to be contrary to environmental conservation.
  - - - Improvements in Capabilities
        
        Non-attributable means of warfare
        
        Cyber-warfare from non-military but state-backed actors
        
        This form of warfare might raise questions on legality, especially when the warfare is from a state actor
- - - - In the late 2001/ early 2002, Singapore discovered a local JI network planning to attack Changi Airport and other targets
      - In 2002, JI members detonated three bombs in Bali, killing 203 people.
        
        Showing the reality and urgency of the terrorist threat in SEA
    - - Taliban might support the use of Afghanistan as a safe haven for propagation of terrorism
    - - 2016 Anti-Terrorism Movement SGSecure to help sensitise, train and mobilise the community in the fight against terror
      - Internal Security Act as legislative means to detain identified radicalised individuals quickly
      - Maintaining Racial and Religious Harmony through legislation and partnerships and engagements
      - Inter-Ministry Committee on Terrorist Designation was formed to act as Singapore's authority for the designation of terrorists. Designation prohibits any person or entity from dealing with or providing any financial assistance to designated terrorists
    - - Restructuring of Military Intelligence Organisation (MIO) to provide dedicated intelligence support for counter-terrorism early warning and incident response
        
        Building Capabilities
        
        Collaboration with defence partners to acquire new systems and capabilities that can better investigate and monitor threats concerns and better counter-terrorism research and analysis expertise
        
        Strengthening Partnerships
        
        Closer partnership ties that restructured MIO has with other national agencies.
        
        Terrorism as a complex international security challenge also mandates bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
        
        Active participation in regional counter-terrorism initiatives to enhance intelligence sharing and collaboration, such as the "ASEAN Our Eyes" initiative.
        
        "ASEAN Our Eyes" as a new intelligence-sharing initaitve to help ASEAN state respond more quickly and effectively to transnational security threats.
  - - - Ransomware attack on Singtel: Stealing the personal data and bank account details of about 129,000 Singtel customers
      - In Singapore, 89 ransomware cases reported in 2020, compared to 35 cases in 2019 (154% increase)
      - Ransomware attack on Colonial Pipeline, an American oil pipeline system, affected the fuel to about 50 million customers.
      - In 2020, a ransomware attack on the IT system of a German Hospital resulted in delays of urgent treatment to patients in critical care, resulting in a death of a patient
      - Solarwinds, a leading provider of Information Technology management software based in Texas, was subject to a hack, where hackers used the company as a springboard to jump deep into US government and corporate networks
      - Military Related
        
        In 2007, US - China cyber security case, where the US authorities accused the Chinese government of stealing information related to American national security, specifically economic and military information. China was suspected of being behind a major theft of data from Lockheed Martin's F-35 fighter program, the most advanced airplane every designed
        
        In 2007, Israeli forces succeeded in penetrating the Syrian defence system and provided them with fake images to launch air strikes that destroyed a nuclear reaction under construction in a region of Syria
    - - Highly digitised society with very high internet penetration
      - Asia-Pacific headquarters for many companies with a high concentration of data and a high concentration of people
      - Companies still using out-dated technology to protect against the risks of old
      - Highly dependent on Critical Infrastructure (E.g Hospitals, Telecommunications Infrastructure and etc). Disruptions in CIs result in massive delays, which will incentivise firms to give in to attackers' demands
      - New vulnerabilities are constantly being discovered even while known ones are being patched
    - - Mandating a mandatory level of cybersecurity for all Critical Information Infrastructure (CIIs) vendors
      - Launch of the SG Cyber Safe Programme
        
        Providing informational resources and educational materials for companies
      - Provision of tools for enterprises to self-assess their cyber-security posture
        
        A voluntary SG Cyber Safe Trustmark is also introduced as a mark of distinction for companies that invested significantly in cybersecurity
      - Military Actions
        
        Cybersecurity Task Force to strengthen MINDEF and the SAF's ability to monitor and actively seek our potential threats and aggressors in the cyber domain
        
        In 2018, launch of Cyber NSF scheme to train full time NSF to perform advanced cyber roles, such as responding to incidents and testing for security weaknesses in IT hardware and software
        
        Ensure that cyber defenders are highly skilled in order to effectively defend our networks against cyber attacks.
        
        In 2017, the Defence Cyber Organisation was established to lead MINDEF/SAF's cyber defence and cybersecurity efforts
        
        DCO seeks to secure networks and systems across the defence sector, and supports the Whole of Government approach to cyber security (since cyber threats can cut across different sectors).
        
        MINDEF's vulnerability lies in our heavily networked force, giving rise to the need to defend these networks and warfighting systems against any malicious actor who seek to extract military information or to degrade our military capability.
        
        Reorganisation of SAF Joint Communications and Information Systems Department into SAF C4 Command in 2017 to better ensure network availability to support SAF operations, while defending against cyber threats.
        
        The Cyber Defence Group (CDG) was created under the new SAF C4 Command to provide 24/7 cyber defence of the SAF's networks.
        
        Cyber Security Measures (Multi-Layered Defence Strategy)
        
        Networks of different security classification are physically separated
        
        Implementation of technical solutions to detect network intrusions
        
        Constant monitoring of MINDEF/SAF's networks 24/7 and coordination of responses to any cyber incidents
        
        Should any attacker succeed in getting past our defences, computer emergency response teams will seek to isolate the cyber threat, quickly restore our systems and execute the necessary business continuity plans
        
        Building International Cooperation and Partnerships
        
        MINDEF/SAF works with like-minded international and industry partners to build up cyber defence capabilities in the area of information sharing, technology collaboration and competency development.