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Year 9 Science Term 2. - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
        
        Recessive alleles will only be expressed if there are 2 of them. They are represented by lowercase letters.
        
        We can predict the chances of a baby having a certain characteristic by observing the genes of its parents.
        
        If a person has two of the same genes of a characteristic, we say they are homozygous. If they're different, they are heterozygous.
        
        Dominant alleles will always be expressed regardless of what the other gene is. They are represented by uppercase letters.
        
        Scientists use a Punnet Square in order to predict the characteristics of offspring.
- - - - If a person only has one recessive allele, they are a carrier, meaning they don't have the condition themselves, but can pass it on to their offspring.
    - - It is impossible to be a carrier of polydactyly as if only 1 dominant allele is present, the condition will be expressed.
- - - - How to produce insulin from bacteria:
        
        Genes that code for the production of bacteria are inserted into the bacteria.
        
        The bacteria now produce insulin.
        
        The bacteria multiply, producing a lot of insulin.
        
        The bacteria is then removed, leaving behind the insulin.
- - - - In bread, yeast is mixed into the dough. It converts the glucose into carbon dioxide, which is used to make the bread rise, and ethanol, which is a waste product.
      - In wine, yeast is mixed into a source of sugar (grape for wine, barley for beer, etc). It converts the glucose into ethanol, which is used to make the drink alcoholic, and carbon dioxide, which is disposed for wine, but is kept for beer to carbonate it.
    - - In cheese, bacteria is mixed into milk, which ferments the lactose into lactic acid. After that, rennet is added, an enzyme that curdles milk, to the mixture. The mixture then separates into curds and whey. The curds are pressed to make a solid cheese.
      - In yogurt, bacteria is mixed into pasteurised milk, which ferments the lactose into lactic acid. After several hours of the milk being kept warm, the lactic acid should curdle the milk into yogurt.
- - - - Many baby foods are treated with protease so the protein breaks down into amino acids.
      - Pectinase is used to break down pectin in fruits when juicing them, making them easier to juice.
      - Enzymes like protease and lipase are used in washing powders to break down the stains into water-soluble substances.