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Understanding player behavior in online games: The role of gender - Coggle…

- - - - Some terms related to SCT were not fully explained in the paper, so I did some research on SCT and relevant information. Social Cognitive Theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory
      - Social cognitive theory (SCT), used in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. There are some theoretical components in the SCT:
        
        Modeling
        
        The social cognitive theory revolves around the process of knowledge acquisition or learning directly correlated to the observation of models. The models can be those of an interpersonal imitation or media sources. Effective modeling teaches general rules and strategies for dealing with different situations.
        
        Outcome Expectations
        
        To learn a particular behavior, people must understand what the potential outcome is if they repeat that behavior. The observer does not expect the actual rewards or punishments incurred by the model, but anticipates similar outcomes when imitating the behavior (called outcome expectancies), which is why modeling impacts cognition and behavior.[20]
        
        These expectancies are heavily influenced by the environment that the observer grows up in. Which means that using SCT for understanding gamers’ considerations while adopting online games, a certain sample of a specific region may only show patterns restricted to this/similar environment.
        
        Self-Efficacy
        
        Social cognitive theory posits that learning most likely occurs if there is a close identification between the observer and the model and if the observer also has a great self-efficacy.[21] Self–efficacy is the extent to which an individual believes that they can master a particular skill.
        
        Identification
        
        Identification allows the observer to feel a one-to-one similarity with the model, and can thus lead to a higher chance of the observer following through with the modeled action.[17] People are more likely to follow behaviors modeled by someone with whom they can identify.
      - The author proposed a series of hypotheses based on SCT theories, existing publications, and derivation from existing conclusions on other media. In the process, H1 to H11 were proposed.
      - Then the author introduced gender-related hypotheses by examining influences of gender on language use, opinion orientation, game type preference, self-efficacy perception, social presence preference, expectation differentiation and so on. H12a to H12e were proposed pointing at the moderating effect of gender on players’ expectations and how factors influence behavioral intention.
    - - In the past, females have exhibited lower Internet frequency usage than males, because they were more likely to be computer-phobic (Agbatogun and Banjo, 2010; Igbaria and Chakrabarti, 1990). Despite this, the past few years have shown an increase in Internet usage by females (Schumacher and Morahan-Martin, 2001). According to a survey from MIC (2013), more and more females are playing online games, and the market share of online gaming by females is showing an increasing trend.
      - This study thus proposes that gender plays an interesting role in the context of online gaming and looks to extend SCT's engagement with gender by examining the impact of internal factors (self-efficacy) and external factors (social influence) in the context of online gaming.
- - - - The result of the pilot study showed that the Cronbach's α value of each construct exceeded the generally accepted cut-off point of 0.70 (Nunnally, 1987). - Which means that this instrument is a reliable method to get data.
    - - The scale items was based on previous studies and subsequent modification for online games.
        
        The scale items for self-efficacy and utilitarian outcome expectations were adapted from studies conducted by Compeau et al., (1999) and Lin and Huang (2008), with modifications made to suit the context of online games.
        
        The questions measuring hedonic outcome expectations were adapted from Davis et al. (1992).
        
        The scale items for trust were adapted from Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa (2004).
        
        The scale items for social influence were adapted from Kulviwat et al. (2009).
        
        The scales for behavioral intention were developed and tested in Agarwal and Karahanna (2000).
- - - - AN INTRODUCTION TO VIDEO GAME SELF-EFFICACY https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/j9602133w
        
        Self-efficacy is measured through the use of self inventory scales. A commonly used and cross culturally validated scale that measures general self-efficacy is the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale. It is available in 30 languages and has been administered thousands of times (Schwarzer, 2009).
        
        The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/engscal.htm
        
        Quite different from the measuring items in this paper.