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Andy Rico P.6 Muscle System - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Muscle System
Major functions of the muscular system
Maintain posture and body position
Stabilize joints
Produce movement
Generate heat as they contract
3 types of muscles& their functions
Smooth Muscle
The smooth muscle are located in the walls of hollow visceral organs except the heart. The function of the smooth muscle is to propel substances along the internal passageway , these movement are also involuntary.
Skeletal Muscle
The Skeletal Muscle is located attached to the bones and occasionally the skin. The function of the Skeletal Muscle is to produce voluntary movement, manipulation of the environment and creation of facial expressions.
Cardiac Muscle
The Cardiac muscle is located in the walls of the heart. The function of the Cardiac Muscle is to propel blood into circulation as it contract through involuntary movement
Names of all the skeletal muscles(including the facial muscles)
Body Muscles
Upper half
Anterior
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
Bicep brachii
External oblique
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Posterior
deltoid
tricep brachii
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
infraspinatus
Sternocleidomastoid
teres major
Rhomboid major
Lower Half
anterior
gracilis
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
adductor longus
vastus medialis
iliopsoas
soleus
fibularis longus
extensor digitorum longus
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
posterior
fibularis longus
extensor digitorum longus
soleus
semitendinosus
bicep femoris
semimembranosus
Gluteus maximus
Face Muscles
Orbicularis oculi
The action produced by this muscle are: It produces the blinking and squinting movement, pulls eyebrows inferiorly and close eyes
Massetar
The actions produced by this muscle are: It is the prime mover of jaw closure and elevates the mandible
Frontals
The actions produced by this muscle are:It raises the eyebrows and creates wrinkles forehead skin horizontally
Buccanator
The action by this muscle are:It compress the cheeks and keeps the food between grinding surfaces of teeth during chewing
Temporalis
The actions produce by this muscle are: It closes the jaw, Elevates and retracts mandible, Maintains position of the mandible at rest and the deep anterior part may help protract the mandible
Platysma
The action produced by this muscle are: It tenses the skin of the neck, helps depress the mandible, pulls lower lip back and down and producing downward sag of mouth
Orbicularis oris
The actions produced by this muscle are :Close lips, Purses and protrudes lips and helps with kissing and whistling
Zygomaticus
The action produced by this muscle are: It raises the lateral corner of mouth which produces smiling
Sarcomere
The sarcomere is the smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber. It is composed of manny structures
The Z Lines, these are the boundaries of the sarcomere. They are named this because of there physical appearance
It has Myofilaments. There are 2 types of myofilaments
Myosin: It is a physically thick filament
Actin: It is a physically thin myofilament
They contain multiple mitochondria through out as they need give out ATP needed for the muscle contractions
There is a Sarcoplasmic reticulum which is a networks of tubes that run parallel to the myofilaments it also serves as a method of transportation
There is the transverse tubes with is another method of transportation that consist of tubes that run perpendicular to the myofilaments
The entire sarcomere is covered by a membrane called the sacromella
The sarcomere also has two type of bands the light and dark bands
The light bands are also refers to as I bands
I bands are made only of actin, this causes it to seem light.
The dark bands are also known as the A bands
The A bands contain both Actin and Myosin. It also contains what is known as a H zone which is the lighter region in the middle of the A bands. It also has a M line that bisects the H zone vertically
Neuromuscular junction
The neuromuscular junction is composed of the Motor neuron, and the muscle sarcolemma that contains the acetylcholine receptors and the space between the motor neuron and the sarcolemma is called the synaptic cleft
The Events that happen inside the Neuromuscular junction are:
3 The calcium entry into the Motor neurons causes the release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
4 The ACh will start to diffuse across the ACh receptors in the sarcolemma
2 The voltage gated calcium channels open and allow for the calcium to enter the motor neuron
5 When the ACh binds to the receptors it opens the gates which will allow the Na+ to enter and create the end plate potential
1 The Action Potential arrives at the axon terminal
6 The Acetylcholinesterase will start to degrade the ACh
Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
The sliding filament theory is a theory that explains what occurs when a muscle contracts. It is a processes through a series of steps that start in the brain and ends with the muscle contracting
Step 3: This impulse will start to travel down the membrane of the muscle and into the transverse tubules. This will cause the sacroplasmic reticulum to start release calcium
Step 2: The impulse that the motor neuron receives causes the excretion of acetocholyn from the vesicles. The acytocholine will reach the receptors found in the sacrolemma and bind with them, this will create an impulse
Step 4: The released calcium will start to bind to a structure present in the actin filament that will cause it to change shape
Step 1: The muscle contraction will start in the brain, a signal will be sent from our brain into our nervous system and will reach the motor neuron which is found at the end of the dendrites of the nerve. Inside this motor neuron, there are vesicles that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The motor neuron is found in connection to the skin, this is called the neuromuscular junction.
Step 5: This change in shape by the actin, will allow for the myosin heads to form a cross bridge between the actin and myosin
Step 6: The cross bridge will start to move the actin in the process of trying to contract the muscle. Afterwards there is a release of ATP will create a power stroke that places the myosin head back in place. This process repeats until the muscle is fully contracted
Action potential in a muscle filber
Action Potential is impulse or signal that travels through the muscles fibers cell membrane. Action Potential is created when there is a change in electrical charges. This process occurs in 3 steps
Depolarization
Depolarization is the generation and spread of Action Potential. This occurs when the end plate creates enough voltage to reach what is known as the threshold, this increase of voltage is due to the high number of Na+ entering the sarcolemma. The AP beign created will be unstoppable until in creates a muscle fiber contraction.
Repolorization
Repolarization is restoring the AP back into resting positions. The Na+ volateg gates close and the voltage K+ opens. The entering of K+ allows for the cell to go back into resting voltage position
Generation of the end plate potential
This occurs when the ACh chemical is released and starts to bind to the sarcolemma receptors, this allows fro the chemical ion gates to open. When the gates open, sodium starts to diffuse inward and K+ outward. Because sodium diffused towards the inside the sarcolemma becomes more positive.This causes the depolarization of the end plate potential
Muscle coverings
The Muscles will be covers by a type of connective tissue , this covering helps the cells and reinforces the the whole muscle. There is 3 types of muscles coverings
Perimysium
The Perimysim is made out a fibrous connective tissue that covers the fascicles ( A group of muscle fibers)
Endomysium
The Endomysuim is made out of areolar connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers
Epimysium
The Epimysium is made out of irregular connective tissue that cobvers the entire muscle
Disorders
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
It is a form of muscular dystrophies and a muscle destroying disease that generally appears during childhood. This is an inherent sex-linked disease. It can appear between the ages of 2-7-year-old boys.This disease will continue towards the extremities, then chest, and eventually the cardiac muscles
It is caused by the defective gene of dystrophin.
There is no cure but if the disease is treated then the person with DMDF will be able to live up to the age of 30
Myasthenia gravis
It is a disease that is characterized by drooping upper eyelids, causes difficulty swallowing and taking and generalized muscle weakness .
It is caused due to a shortage of ACh receptors due to the fact that does receptors were attacked by the own antibodies