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Luther Leads The Reformation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - He taught scripture at the
        University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony.
      - All he wanted was to be a good Christian, not to lead a religious revolution.
  - - - Indulgences
        
        Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven.
        
        In response to Tetzel's actions, Luther wrote 95 theses attacking the pardon-merchants
        
        Luther's 95 theses
        
        Someone copied Luther’s words and took them to a printer.
        
        The printing press got Luther's ideas and started spreading them on advertisements to other people
        
        What caused Luther's ideas to get spread throughout Germany? Answer - The printing-press
        
        Why was Luther upset with the sale of indulgences?
        Answer - Luther believed that Christians are saved through faith and not through their own efforts.
  - - - Luther went beyond criticizing indulgences. He wanted full reform of the Church.
        
        His teaching rested on 3 main ideas
        
        People could receive salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness.
        
        All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible.
        
        All people with faith were equal.
- - - - Critics of the Church claimed the leaders were corrupt
        
        The popes who ruled during the Renaissance patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars
        
        Pope Alexander VI admitted to fathering several children
        
        A lot of Popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have much spiritual duties
      - Criticisms
  - - - The changes helped increase literacy, spiritual thinking, individual thought, and perspective.
        
        As people found common interests with each other, new groups were formed.
        
        Some rulers also started to Challenge the Church's political power.
        
        In Germany, because of the divided competing states, it was difficult for the pope or the emperor impose central authority
        
        Change
        
        Northern merchants hated paying church taxes in Rome.
        
        A new movement for religious reform began in Germany from the social, political, and economic forces.
    - - Answer: Individuality, printing helped spread nonreligious ideas, more writers and scholars showed up and started translating things from latin to more common languages.
  - - - Political
        
        Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe.
        
        Economic
        
        European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth. Merchants and other resented having to pay taxes to the Church.
        
        Religious
        
        Continuity
        
        Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.
  - - - John Wycliffe of England and Jan Has of Bohemia had advocated the Church reform
        
        They denied that the pope had the right to worldly power
        
        They had also taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders did
        
        Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More adder their voices to the chorus of criticism
        
        Many Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the Church
        
        Politics
- - - - He was determined that his subjects should remain Catholic, Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes. Even though he defeated them in 1547, he failed to force them back into the Catholic Church.
      - Protestantism spread throughout Europe in the 1500s. Three branches of Protestantism emerged: Lutheranism, based not he teachings of Martin Luther in Germany. Calvinism, based on the teachings of John Calvin in Switzerland. Lastly Anglicanism, which was established by King Henry VII in England.
  - - - Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, also opposed Luther’s teaching. Charles controlled a vast empire, including the German states.
- - - - Along with those problems also money, and in the late 1500s English began thinking about building an American empire as a new source of income. While colonies helped England's economy, it didn't rich the queen directly. This money conflict would come to the next reign and cause problems between monarch and Parliament. Otherwise the Reformation gained ground in other European countries.
      - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-queen-of-Scotland
      - Change
  - - - To please protestants, priests were able to marry, and could deliver sermons in English. To please Catholics, the Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service such as rich robes. Also church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to Catholics.
        
        Elizabeth I came to power at a time religious turmoil. How did she deal with the question of religion?
        
        By changing ways of the church for both the Protestants and Catholics to make both of them happy.
        
        Innovation
  - - - Henry died in 1547, so each of his three children ruled England in turn. This created religious turmoil, because Henry's son, Edward became king when he was just nine years old. So he had to rely on adult advisers. These men were devout Protestants, and introduced Protestant reforms to English Church. Edward constantly being ill, Mary took the throne in 1553 6 six years after Edward took the throne. Mary had many Protestants executed, but Mary died in 1558, so Elizabeth inherited the throne.
        
        Conflict
  - - - Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn who was in her 20s, and shortly after the Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine. In 1534 Henry's break with the pope was completed, when the Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy. This made people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry not the pope as the leader of England's Church
        
        The Act of Supremacy met some opposition, but Thomas More who strongly criticized the Church, remained a devout Catholic. He refused to take the oath and in response Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London, and in 1535 More was found guilty of high treason and executed
        
        https://www.britannica.com/topic/Act-of-Supremacy-England-1534
  - - - By 1527, Henry was convinced that his 42-year-old wife Catherine of Aragon would have no more children. He wanted a divorce and take a younger queen, but Church law didn't allow a divorce. Henry asked the pope to annul (say it was a fake marriage), but the pope turned him down in fear of Catherine's powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
        
        Why did Henry 8th need a divorce or an annulment?
        
        To marry another woman and try to have a son with the next wife, so a man could inherit the throne.
        
        https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-of-Aragon