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Luther Leads the Reformation - Coggle Diagram
Luther Leads the Reformation
The Response to Luther
Luther was astonished at how rapidly his ideas spread and attracted followers. Many people had been unhappy with the Chruch for political and ecnomic reasons. The saw Luther's protests as a way to challenge Church control.
Conflict
The Pope's Threat
Church officials in Rome viewed Luther as a rebellious monk who needed to be punished by his superiors
Luther's ideas became popular. The pope relized that this monk was a serious threat. Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force.
In 1502, Pope Le X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless hee took back his statements. Luther did not take back a word. Instead, his students at Wittenberg gathered around the bonfire and cheered as he threw the pope's decree into the flames. Leo excommunicated Luther.
Why did Luther's teachings became popular and attract followers?
Luther's teachings became popular and attract followers because a lot of people were unhappy with the Church because of problems they had related to politics and economics.
The Emperor's opposition
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, also opposed Luther's teaching. Charles controlled the vast empire, including the German states. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Charles V told Luther to recant, or take back his statements, but Luther refused.
A month after Luther made that speech, Charles issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms. It declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic because what he believed went against the teachings of the Church.
According to this edict, no one in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter. All of his books were burned.
Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed the emperor. For almost a year after the trial, he sheltered Luther in one of his castles.
While in there, luther translated the New Testament into German
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Who was Luther and why did he leave the Church?
Martin Luther, a 16th-century monk and theologian, was one of the most significant figures in Christian history. His beliefs helped birth the Reformation—which would give rise to Protestantism as the third major force within Christendom, alongside Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
Luther Challenges the Church
The 95 Theses
In 1517, Luther decided to take a pubic stad against the actions of the friar named Johann Tetzel because he was trying to rebuild the St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences.
An indulgence was pardon. A Pardon released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.
Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge
The selling of indulgences bother Martin Luther because people couldn't buy their way into heaven, they had to earn their way into heaven
Conflict
Anyways, Tetzel gave people the impression that buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven
Luther was troubled by Tetzel's tactics.
Luther wrote 95 Theses
On October 31, 1517, he posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him.
Somebody copied Luthers words and took the to a printer.
Luthers name and ideas soon were advertised to people and groups all over Germany
His actions Began the Reformation
Reformation is a movement for religious reform. It led to the founding of the Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority
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Luther's Teachings
Soon Luther went beyond criticizing idulgences. He wanted full reform of the Church. His teachings rested on three main ideas
All Church teachings shuld be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities
All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did mot need priest to interpret the Bible for them.
People could receive salvation only by faith in god's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation
Religion
Martin Luther parents wanted him to be a lawyer , but he bacame a monk and teacher.
From 1512 until his death, he taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony
He just wanted the be a good Christian, but he ended up leading a religious revolution which he did not want
Luther was born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, located in modern day Germany
shelbies
By 1500, additional forces weakened the Church
The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged Church authority
Invention of the printing press helped spread these secular ideas. Printing press was a new device that made printed material more widely available
At same time, more writers and scholars began to write and translate works into the local vernacular, or common language, instead of using Latin
These changes helped increase literacy, spiritual thinking, individual thought, and perspective among individuals. As individuals found common interests, new groups of like thinkers formed
Some rulers began to challenge the Church's political power
In Germany, which was divided into many competing states, it was difficult for the pope or the emperor to impose central authority
Northern Merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome. Spurred by these social, political, and economic forces, a new movement for religious reform began in Germany. It then swept much of Europe
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Question: What were some of the forces that challenged the church's authority by 1500?
Answer: Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged church authority, some rulers began to challenge the Church's political power, difficulty for the pope or the emperor to impose central authority, and northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome
England Becomes Protestant
Values and beliefs
Henry VIII became king of England in 1509. The pope gave him the title “Defender of the Faith.”
Henry’s father had become king after a long civil war. Henry feared that a similar war would start if he died without a son as his heir.
He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had one living child—a daughter, Mary, but, no woman had ever successfully claimed the English throne.
By 1527, Henry was convinced that the 42-year-old Catherine would have no more children. He wanted to divorce her
Church law did not allow divorce. However, the pope could annul, or set aside, Henry’s marriage if proof could be found that it was not a legal marriage.
In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage, but the pope turned him down.
Changes
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The pope did not want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
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Conflict
Henry did not immediately get the male heir he sought.
After Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, she fell out of Henry’s favor.
She was later charged with treason.
Like Thomas More, she was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
She was found guilty and beheaded in 1536.
Henry took a third wife, Jane Seymour. In 1537, she gave him a son named Edward.
His wife’s death just two weeks later.
Henry married three more times.
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Tower of London
Religion
Elizabeth I was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism.
Protestantism is a form of Christianity
Definition
In 1559, Parliament followed Elizabeth’s wishes and set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as its head.
This was to be the only legal church in England.
Elizabeth decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept.
To please Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry.
They could deliver sermons in English, not Latin.
In addition, church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to Catholics.
Both
Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England.
Religion, however, remained a problem.
Some Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots.
Elizabeth also faced threats from Philip II, the Catholic king of Spain.
Some Protestants pushed for Elizabeth to make more far-reaching church reforms.
Elizabeth faced other difficulties.
Money was one problem.
Elizabeth’s constant need for money would carry over into the next reign and lead to bitter conflict between the monarch and Parliament.
In the meantime, the Reformation gained ground in other European countries.
Elizabeth I came to power at rime of the religious turmoil. How did she deal with the question of religion?
She returned England to protestantism and established a state church.
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders were corrupt
The popes who ruled during the Renaissance patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars
Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had fathered several children. Many popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have much time for spiritual duties
The lower clergy had problems as well. Many priests and monks were so poorly educated that they could scarcely read, let alone teach people
Others broke their priestly vows by marrying, and some drank to excess or gambled
https://historylearning.com/german-reformation/roman-catholic-church-in-1500/#:~:text=The%20Roman%20Catholic%20Church%20in,for%20the%20Church's%20financial%20gain
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Question: What were some criticisms of the Catholic Church before the Reformation?
Answer: Widespread corruption within the church. Many clergymen broke a rule with abandon. Lots were married, and others kept mistresses openly.
Causes of the Reformation
The rapid changes throughout medieval society created an environment ready for reform
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects
Early Calls for Reform
Influenced by reformers, people had come to expect higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders
In late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia had advocated Church reform
They denied that the pope had the right away to worldly power. Also taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders did
In 1500s, Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More added their voices to the chorus of criticism
Many Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the Church, The atmosphere in Europe was ripe for reform by the early 1500s
Change
Culture
Identity