Luther Leads the Reformation
The Response to Luther
Luther Challenges the Church
shelbies
England Becomes Protestant
The 95 Theses
Values and beliefs
Luther was astonished at how rapidly his ideas spread and attracted followers. Many people had been unhappy with the Chruch for political and ecnomic reasons. The saw Luther's protests as a way to challenge Church control.
By 1500, additional forces weakened the Church
The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged Church authority
Luther's Teachings
Soon Luther went beyond criticizing idulgences. He wanted full reform of the Church. His teachings rested on three main ideas
Invention of the printing press helped spread these secular ideas. Printing press was a new device that made printed material more widely available
Henry VIII became king of England in 1509. The pope gave him the title “Defender of the Faith.”
At same time, more writers and scholars began to write and translate works into the local vernacular, or common language, instead of using Latin
Conflict
The Pope's Threat
Henry’s father had become king after a long civil war. Henry feared that a similar war would start if he died without a son as his heir.
These changes helped increase literacy, spiritual thinking, individual thought, and perspective among individuals. As individuals found common interests, new groups of like thinkers formed
Martin Luther parents wanted him to be a lawyer , but he bacame a monk and teacher.
Church officials in Rome viewed Luther as a rebellious monk who needed to be punished by his superiors
He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had one living child—a daughter, Mary, but, no woman had ever successfully claimed the English throne.
From 1512 until his death, he taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony
By 1527, Henry was convinced that the 42-year-old Catherine would have no more children. He wanted to divorce her
Some rulers began to challenge the Church's political power
He just wanted the be a good Christian, but he ended up leading a religious revolution which he did not want
In Germany, which was divided into many competing states, it was difficult for the pope or the emperor to impose central authority
Luther's ideas became popular. The pope relized that this monk was a serious threat. Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force.
Church law did not allow divorce. However, the pope could annul, or set aside, Henry’s marriage if proof could be found that it was not a legal marriage.
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
In 1517, Luther decided to take a pubic stad against the actions of the friar named Johann Tetzel because he was trying to rebuild the St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences.
In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage, but the pope turned him down.
Northern Merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome. Spurred by these social, political, and economic forces, a new movement for religious reform began in Germany. It then swept much of Europe
The Emperor's opposition
An indulgence was pardon. A Pardon released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.
Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders were corrupt
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, also opposed Luther's teaching. Charles controlled the vast empire, including the German states. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Charles V told Luther to recant, or take back his statements, but Luther refused.
The popes who ruled during the Renaissance patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars
Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge
Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had fathered several children. Many popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have much time for spiritual duties
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Anyways, Tetzel gave people the impression that buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven
The lower clergy had problems as well. Many priests and monks were so poorly educated that they could scarcely read, let alone teach people
Changes
A month after Luther made that speech, Charles issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms. It declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic because what he believed went against the teachings of the Church.
The pope did not want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Others broke their priestly vows by marrying, and some drank to excess or gambled
The selling of indulgences bother Martin Luther because people couldn't buy their way into heaven, they had to earn their way into heaven
Causes of the Reformation
The rapid changes throughout medieval society created an environment ready for reform
In 1529, he called Parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws that ended the pope’s power.
According to this edict, no one in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter. All of his books were burned.
Early Calls for Reform
This Parliament is known as the Reformation Parliament.
Influenced by reformers, people had come to expect higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders
In 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn.
Shortly after, Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine.
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In late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia had advocated Church reform
In 1534, Henry’s break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy.
Conflict
They denied that the pope had the right away to worldly power. Also taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders did
In 1500s, Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More added their voices to the chorus of criticism
Many Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the Church, The atmosphere in Europe was ripe for reform by the early 1500s
This called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church.
Conflict
Luther was troubled by Tetzel's tactics.
Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed the emperor. For almost a year after the trial, he sheltered Luther in one of his castles.
Luther wrote 95 Theses
On October 31, 1517, he posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him.
Henry did not immediately get the male heir he sought.
While in there, luther translated the New Testament into German
Question: What were some of the forces that challenged the church's authority by 1500?
Answer: Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged church authority, some rulers began to challenge the Church's political power, difficulty for the pope or the emperor to impose central authority, and northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome
Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1552.
Somebody copied Luthers words and took the to a printer.
There he discovered that many of his ideas were already being put into practice.
Luthers name and ideas soon were advertised to people and groups all over Germany
Why did Henry 8th need a divorce?
Lutherans
He wanted a son and by the time his wife got too old. They only had a daughter
Instead of continuing to seek reforms in the Catholic Church, Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group
His actions Began the Reformation
After Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, she fell out of Henry’s favor.
Many northern German princes supported Lutheranism
Reformation is a movement for religious reform. It led to the founding of the Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority
She was later charged with treason.
Change
While some princes genuinely shared Luther's beliefs, others like Luther's ideas for selfish reasons.
Lutheranism
Like Thomas More, she was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
She was found guilty and beheaded in 1536.
Henry took a third wife, Jane Seymour. In 1537, she gave him a son named Edward.
His wife’s death just two weeks later.
Henry married three more times.
They saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize Church property and to assert their independence from Charles the V.
Question: What were some criticisms of the Catholic Church before the Reformation?
Answer: Widespread corruption within the church. Many clergymen broke a rule with abandon. Lots were married, and others kept mistresses openly.
After Henry’s death in 1547, each of his three children ruled England in turn.
This created religious turmoil.
All Church teachings shuld be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities
Henry’s son, Edward, became king when he was just nine years old. Too young to rule alone
All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did mot need priest to interpret the Bible for them.
People could receive salvation only by faith in god's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation
Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, took the throne in 1553. She was a Catholic who returned the English Church to the rule of the pope.
In 1502, Pope Le X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless hee took back his statements. Luther did not take back a word. Instead, his students at Wittenberg gathered around the bonfire and cheered as he threw the pope's decree into the flames. Leo excommunicated Luther.
When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn’s daughter, inherited the throne.
Henry VIII’s many marriages led to conflict with the Catholic Church and to the founding of the Church of England.
Religion
In 1529, german princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther's ideas.
Religion
Luther was born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, located in modern day Germany
Elizabeth I was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism.
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity
In 1559, Parliament followed Elizabeth’s wishes and set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as its head.
This was to be the only legal church in England.
Elizabeth decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept.
To please Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry.
They could deliver sermons in English, not Latin.
In addition, church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to Catholics.
Both
Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England.
Religion, however, remained a problem.
Some Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots.
Elizabeth also faced threats from Philip II, the Catholic king of Spain.
Some Protestants pushed for Elizabeth to make more far-reaching church reforms.
Elizabeth faced other difficulties.
Money was one problem.
Elizabeth’s constant need for money would carry over into the next reign and lead to bitter conflict between the monarch and Parliament.
In the meantime, the Reformation gained ground in other European countries.
Elizabeth I came to power at rime of the religious turmoil. How did she deal with the question of religion?
She returned England to protestantism and established a state church.
What is Lutheranism?
Those princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement.
Those protesting princes came to be known as protestants.
Eventually, the term Protestant was applied to Chritians who were not Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox.
War
Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes.
Even though he defeated them, he couldn't turn them back into the Catholic religion.
In 1555, Charles demanded all German princes to assemble in the city of Augsburg.
The princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state.
Why did Luther's teachings became popular and attract followers?
Luther's teachings became popular and attract followers because a lot of people were unhappy with the Church because of problems they had related to politics and economics.
Why do you think Charles V could not force Protestant princes back into the Catholic church even after defeating them in war?
I think Charles V couldn't force the Protestant princes because Luther's ideas were too strong and he had already attracted a lot of followers because the people were unhappy with the Church. I don't think the princes would leave Luther and his cause just because they lost at war. If that was me I know I wouldn't, I stand for what I believe for
This famous religious settlement became was known as the Peace of Augsburg
Who was Luther and why did he leave the Church?
Change
Culture
Identity