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issues - Coggle Diagram
issues
culture bias
overlooking cultural differences by looking at human behaviour from the perspective of your own culture
ethnocentrism - a type of culture bias that involves judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture eg, STRANGE SITUATION securely attached American infants were the ideal, led to misinterpretation of child-rearing practices in other cultures
imposed etic - a test measure, or theory devised in one culture that is used to explain behaviour in every culture eg STRANGE SITUATION
emic approach studying cultures in isolation by identifying behaviours that are specific to that culture
etic approach studying behaviours across many cultures in order to find universal human behaviours - BERRY argues psych is guilty of imposing etc - theories etc came from emic research in a single culture
Evaluation
negative consequence can have significant real world effects, amplifies and validates damaging stereotypes. eg US Army used IQ test that was biased towards dominant white majority - African Americans at bottom of IQ scale = negative effect on attitudes
positive solution not all research is culturally relative - some thought to be universal eg caregiver infant interactions such as interactional synchrony. full understanding of behvaiour involves study of universal and culturally specific behaviour
positive solution contemporary psychologists = open minded = increased understanding of other cultures. eg international psychology conferences = reduce ethnocentrism, enabled more nuanced understanding and appreciation of cultural relativism
ethical implications
the impact research may have in terms of the rights of other people, especially participants - includes influencing public policy or the way in which certain groups are regarded
go further than ethical issues (conflict between pps rights and aims of researchers) - ethical implications involved in wider societal context
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social sensitivity
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SIEBER AND STANLEY - 1) research question 2) methodology 3) institutional context 4) interpretation and application of findings - linked to Cyril Burt and the 11+ exams - falsification of Dara and huge ethical implications
evaluations
positive socially sensitive research can benefit society - promotes greater understanding of underrepresented groups eg. the effect that culture bias can have on diagnosis of schizophrenia with regards to hallucinations experienced by African individuals. helps reduce prejudice
negative used to support discriminatory practices - USA 1920s-30s large number of states approved laws that led to the compulsory sterilisation of people deemed "feeble-minded" on basis of research from psych that suggested people were unfit to breed
positive realisation of the issues regarding ethical implications of socially sensitive research means researchers are more reflexive - researchers become more responsible for their findings and ensure their work doesn't lead to discrimination.
gender bias
psychological research offers a view that does not justifiably represent the experience and behaviour of men or women (usually women) - eg representation of one gender only
types
alpha bias - exaggerates the differences between the genders - for example SOCIOBIOLOGICAL THEORY (Wilson) explains sexual attraction and behaviour through 'survival efficiency' - males impregnate females to pass genes on, females preserve genes to ensure healthy children.
beta bias - the attempt to underestimate the differences between the genders, for example FIGHT OR FLIGHT research only used male animals and their response was the assumed response for both genders
beta bias leads to androcentrism - when mens behaviour is the standard against which women's behaviour is compared, women behaviour often seen as abnormal
evaluation
- positive solution feminist commentators have suggested a number of research criteria to ensure non-gender biased research investigations. Worrel suggested considering women in natural settings. this reduces investigator biases that might affect female participants behaviour, produces more valid data
negative consequence gender biased research can create misleading assumptions about female behaviour. using male behaviour as standard makes female behaviour such as PMS or post natal depression abnormal. This unkowingly provides a way for a male dominated society to deny women opportunities.
negative consequence gender bias may occur in the research process as a result of sexism. lack of women appointed at senior research levels - female concerns not reflected in research questions asked. Denmark et al argued that this means psychology is guilty of supporting a form of institutional sexism