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Principles of Toxicology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pollutants
        
        Industrial (often) effluents in air or water
      - Pesticides
        
        Ingested via food or water
      - Drugs
        
        Prescription or recreational
        
        Caffeine, tobacco etc.
      - Food substances
        
        Bacterial toxins from uncooked food
        
        Artificial food colourings
- - - - This continues up the food chain
        
        Until it is in lethal doses
- - - - Affecting liver, heart + other organs
- - - - Diffuse through oral mucosa directly into bloodstream
    - - Similar to buccal, under tongue
    - - Ingested
        
        Enter via intestine + distributed to liver first
        
        Possibility to be detoxified before entering blood stream
      - Inhaled
        
        Bypass liver detoxification + enter straight into bloodstream
      - Microbiomes vary between gut and skin which can alter metabolism
  - - - Toxic to area of first administration
    - - Requires adsorption of toxin + distribution to a distant site
      - Most toxins produce a systemic effect
      - Most target 1 or 2 organs
        
        Commonly CNS + circulatory systems
  - - - Affects uptake + distribution
      - Neutral lipophilic compounds cross membrane easier
      - Acidic compounds bind human serum albumin (HSA) better
    - - Activated by metabolic enzymes
  - - - 20-40% reduction in liver mass as we age
      - Children have differences in xenobiotic metabolism to adults
    - - High fat diets reduce chloroform neurotoxicity
      - Cruciferous veg. e.g. kale/cauliflower
        
        Increase xenobiotic metabolism
      - Lack of protein reduces metabolism + clearance of some drugs
      - Grapefruit consumption improves oral availability of some drugs
        
        Inhibits cyp450 activity in gut
    - - Female rats more susceptible to anaesthesia than male counterparts
      - Women estimated to be twice as susceptible to adverse drug reactions
    - - Inc tea + coffee
- - - - Latency
    - - Peak
    - - Persistence
        
        Action no longer detecable
    - - Residual effect
    - - Transient vs persistent
      - Immediate vs delayed
  - - - Some react strongly to a given dose
        
        Hypersensitive
      - Others require a much larger dose to get same response
        
        Very insensitive
  - - - Can be measured either on an individual or a population basis
        
        In population
        
        Measure a quantal dose response
        
        In individual
        
        Is the dose toxic or not
  - - - Dose at which a toxin is biologically beneficial
      - Therapeutic window
- - - - Inc. infections e.g. HPV
    - - Inc. infections e.g. toxoplasmosis
- - - - Do not interact as toxic as simply giving each separately
    - - Toxicity is greater than expected
    - - A non-toxic substance makes a toxic one more toxic
    - - One nullifies the effect of the other