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Topic 6: Understanding Transnational Crimes - Coggle Diagram
Topic 6: Understanding Transnational Crimes
Defining Transnational Crime
Affects 2+ states
includes execution, and planning
Transnational Organised Crime (TOC)
Continuing enterprise
Planning
Force
Caters to public demand for illicit actions
Must occur across borders
What crosses
illicit goods, information, people
Which direction
Uni-directionality
From A-B
Bi-directionality
E.g. Serial Burglary
Carousel Fraud
Fraudulent firms, fake transactions (Tax Fraud)
Hook-Shaped
Export ciggies to B (No tax) bring back and sell on Black Market.
Complex
Material from A, produced in B, Sold in C. E.g. Extacy pills
Research Limitations of Transnational Crimes
Cultural differences in reporting
It's a new criminal area, nothing to compare to
Most TN research = crimes within their country, NOT crimes within other countries by their nationals.
Unit of measurement fro TN is unclear, victims, perps???
Some countries don't want to report TN in their nation
Theories cannot be tested
Studies don't discuss history, not way of telling if TN's are more or less prevalent
UNTOC
Protocol to prevent punish and supress TIP
Protocol against smuggling of migrants by land sea and air
Protocol against illicit manufacturing and trafficking of firearms, their parts components and ammunition.
Serious crime: Punishable by liberty deprivation of 4+ years
Organised crime group: Already established before crime was planned or committed.
How criminals Become Aware of Opporunity
Awareness Space
Finding an opportunity in the area of usual operation.
Criminal Foraging
Actively seeking criminal opportunity
Methods of Crossing the Border
Blending (legal methods)
Physically safest way in terms of personal safety.
Operating in another culture
Legal, liguistic, and cultural norms/rules
Anchor points
Criminal networking assists in operating in another culture
Transportation
Smuggling outside the regular border crossing
Smuggling through tourist travel
International trade
Mail smuggling
Where?
Green Border
Weakly protected state border
E.g. By air and sea, and Iran + Iraq (Mountain travel)
Regular travel
Hide illicit goods
Hide nature of illicit goods
Smuggling by post/mail
Other E.g. Spreading goods among mules.
x carries 20% of goods (designed to be caught
y carries 80% (better hidden/deceptive)