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Religiosity and Gender Differences, Ethnicity, Class Differences in…
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Ethnicity
Main trends
The UK - biggest religious group are Christians (70% are of black African or Caribbean origin), significant numbers of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs (from the Indian subcontinent).
Brierley (2013) found that black people are 2x as likely to attend church as white. Muslims, Hindus and black Christians are more likely than white Christians to see religion as important and attend a place of worship every week.
Among Christians, blacks are more likely than whites to be found in Pentecostal churches.
African Caribbean Protestants and Muslims are more likely than Hindus, White Catholics and Anglicans to see religion as important and are more likely to attend weekly worship.
Ethnic minorities have higher participation rates, however, Modood et al (1994) - decline in the importance of religion for all ethnic groups among the 2nd generation.
Bird
Bird - members of ethnic minority groups originate from religious societies (Pakistan and the Caribbean); sense of community and solidarity. It can give members a point of contact, sense of identity and introduce them to potential marriage partners. Minority groups see religion as a way of maintaining cultural identity in terms of traditions, e.g. Food, language, art and music. Socialisation can lead to strong pressure on children to maintain religious commitment (especially among Asian groups). Religious beliefs may be a way to cope with oppression.
Cultural transition
Herberg suggests that the reason for high levels of religious participation among first-generation immigrants in the USA could be to ease the transition into a new culture -> minority immigrants seek for support and a sense of community
Pryce's study on the African Caribbean community in Bristol -> shows both cultural defence and transition -> Pentecostalism is highly adaptive as the religion of the oppressed -> provide migrants with values appropriate to the new world -> plays a Protestant ethic role in helping the members suceed through encouragement of self reliance and thrift; or Rastafarianism among African Caribbeans -> rejecting the wider society as racist and exploitative
Religion is:
Cultural Defence – using religion to protect identity in a hostile environment
Cultural Transition – religion is used to cope with the upheaval of migration
Bruce (1995) - Accepts that ethnic minorities are more religious than whites in modern society, but believes religiosity is more an expression of community rather than religious commitment.
Cultural Defence
Bird suggests that religion among minorities can be a basis for community solidarity -> preserves one's language and culture + coping mechanism for oppression and racism
For example, black African and Caribbean Christians resort to black-led churches because white churches are often not as welcoming
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