Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Reasons for Gender differences - Coggle Diagram
Reasons for Gender differences
The pentecostal gender paradox
since 60s rapid growth
13% of Latin America are members of the Pentecostal church
regarded as a patriarchal religion
men are heads of households + church
However the religion is still attractive to women
Martin: the 'Pentecostal gender paradox'
Brusco: study of Pentecostal Columbia
demand for an ascetic lifestyle (mirrors calvinists) --> insists on traditional gender division (men provide)
Women use ideas to combat machismo culture - men spend 20-40% of income on alcohol, tobacco, gambling, prostitutes
men redirect their income to the household --> raised standard of living
women use the religion to improve their position
though Pentecostalism is patriarchal, it rejects machismo culture which attracts women
Drogus: although Pentecostal doctrine is that men hold authority, there are often more equal marriages
Women and the new age
what
nature
Heelas and Woodhead - 80% in holistic milieu in Kendal were women
Bruce - womens experience of child bearing makes them less aggressive and goal oriented
why
Because of nature, and acting out roles
the individual sphere
women experience conflict between masculinised
class differences
Women, compensators and sects
Bruce
Twice as many women as men involved in sects
Links with Stark and Bainbridge
Sects offer compensation for
Organismic deprivation : physical and mental health problems. Women are more likely to suffer ill health and seek healing that sects offer
Ethical deprivation : Women are usually more morally conservative. They are more likely to regard the world as being in moral decline. Sects share this view --> so women are more attracted
Social deprivation : sects attract poorer groups and women are more likely to be poor
Glock and Stark : Patriarchy leads to women being deprived
Miller and Hoffman
Women can be seen as more attractive to sects as they are socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring which sects may look for in followers.
Women are less likely to take risks against religion. So sects which strongly practise their traditional religious values can make them feel more comfortable to be apart of
Ethnicity
Ethnicity and religiosity
UK: multi-ethnic + multi-religious
72% are Christians
Though large amount of Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs --> all minorities
higher rates in religious participation in most ethnic minority groups
Brierley: in London, black people were twice as likely to attend church that whites
Among Christians blacks are more likely than whites to be found in Pentecostal churches
Modood et al: some decline in religiosity especially in the second generation
Bruce : cultural defence
religion provides a sense of cultural identity in a hostile environment
Bird
religion can provide a sense of social solidarity for minority groups within communities
Preserving one's culture from their home country
a way of coping with oppression within society
It was found that in the UK, white Churches rejected African/Caribbean Christians
Black churches are founded and joined. Especially in Pentecostal Churches
Brierley
Growth of new churches in London catering for specific languages and nationalities due to more immigration
cultural transition
Will Herberg - provides support and a sense of community for minority group
Bruce - Sees UK using religion as focal point for culutrual integration
Ken Pryce
Class
Marxist/Neo marxist view
Cults
Appeal to the successful looking for spiritual enlightment and disadvantaged
Denominations
Wildly Accepted by all and mostly compirsed of the lower middle class and the Upper working class
Sect
Recruited from the most disadvantages and requires members to give up their normal lives
Age and religion
under 15s are more likely to go to church than those older
reasons Voas and Crockett
ageing effect - Heelas more spiritual as we age
the period of cohort effect - people born in a particular period may be more or less relgiious (war, econmoic depression)
secularisation - as religion declines in importance, each generation keeps getting less religiious
Voas and crockett - half as many people are as religious as the previous relgiion