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Kumpulan 4, Basic functions of OS, Monolithic, Layered, Microkernel,…

- - - - can be freely be used
      - can be freely changed
      - can be freely shared
      - can be shared in modified form
      - made by many people
      - can be shared in unmodified form
    - - only the final product is made available
      - Have copyright/ patented legally protected as intellectual property
      - Distributed directly to end user or via vendors
- - - - Special purpose processors
        
        Run a limited instruction
        
        Sometimes managed by os
      - low-level components built into the hardware
      - Having special purpose microprocessors does not make a single-processor
        system become a multiprocessor.
    - - two or more processors work together to process more than one program at one time
      - helps the system to
        complete work in shorter period of time
      - Multiprocessor system advantages
        
        Increased throughput
        
        By increasing the number of processors
        
        When 1 task is done by the multiprocessor, work can be done faster and less error
        
        Economy of scale
        
        cost less than
        equivalent multiple single processor systems
        
        they can share peripherals, mass
        storage, and power supplies.
        
        If several programs operate on the same set of data, it is cheaper to store those data on one disk and have all the processor share them.
        
        Increased reliability
        
        If function can be distributed properly among several processor, then the failure of one processor will not half the system, just slow it down.
        
        If we have 10 processors and 1 fails, then each of the remaining nine processors can 'help' do the work done.
    - - makes use of multiple CPU's to complete
        a specific task.
      - It consists of two or more individual systems that are tied
        together,
      - share storage and are closely linked via a
        local-area network (LAN) or a faster interconnect.
      - gather
        together multiple CPUs to accomplish computational work.
      - usually used to provide high-availability service
        
        generally obtained by adding a level of redundancy in
        the system.
      - A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes.
        
        Each node can
        monitor one or more of the others (over the LAN).
      - If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring machine can take
        ownership of its storage and restart the applications
      - Clustering structure:
        
        Asymmetrically
        
        One machine work, another standby.
        
        Symmetrically
        
        All machine work, monitoring each other.