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INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION, Based on Hoidn, S. and K. Kärkkäinen…

- - - - During my bachelor in psychology I had little experience with real-life situations. Majority of courses were focused on theoretical content and when I graduated I didn't feel prepared to face a job.
      - No one ever prepared me for the educational situation due to COVID-19. When COVID-19 started, I had to improve some skills (in my former position) in order to get our goals done despite of the complex context we were experiencing.
        
        Flexibility
        
        Curiosity
        
        Problem-solving
        
        Evidence-based methodologies
        
        Frustration tolerance
        
        Self-confidence
        
        Some of these skills are related to the innovation set of skills
- - - - Ill-structured problems are presented to generate multiple ideas for solutions.
      - Student-centred approach
      - Teachers are facilitators of the learning process.
      - The problems are complex and authentic
    - - Knowledge acquisition and academic achievement
        
        PBL students retain knowledge longer than traditional students
        
        Traditional approach seems to be equal or more effective than PBL for short-term retention
      - Reasoning and knowledge application
        
        PBL students seems to be better prepared to apply their learning to real-world situation
        
        In my experience
        
        I believe that the courses that required me to experience real situations prepared me better for professional life. For example, I conducted a research with a community aiming to solve or reduce a social problem. That experience gave me a lot of gains as a researcher and now I feel more confident about that type of tasks in my jobs.
        
        Despite that the majority of my courses were content-based and they followed a very traditional approach to TL, I always managed to get good scores in tests and assignments.
        
        I can confirm this. When I had the opportunity to work with classmates, communities, even potential patients, I believe it helped me to develop some social skills that allow me then to stand out in my work environment.
      - Social and behavioural skills
        
        PBL seems to have a positive impact on students’ motivation, satisfaction, and attitudes toward learning
        
        PBL students and graduates performed better in terms of interpersonal skills such as communication and teamwork.
    - - Studies must specify how PBL is used in different disciplines
      - Studies must identify specific strategies that contribute to PBL effectiveness
        
        In my experience
        
        When I worked as a pedagogical assistant, there was some resistance from teachers to new methodologies like PBL. Among their arguments were that they didn't find any evidence of how PBL is applied to their disciplines or that there were no clear strategies on how to overcome some limitations (of time, resources, discipline-related) and achieve their goal.
      - Studies should avoid emphasizing a dichotomy between PBL and traditional instruction.
      - The role of content lectures within PBL should be considered.
    - - PBL requires tangible resources, it is difficult and energy- consuming. It also demands more staff time.
      - The transition of students and faculty from traditional approaches to PBL can be difficult.
        
        In my experience
        
        Sometimes not only teachers are reluctant to new methodologies but students. When a teacher changes its approach to a student-centered one, students may feel uncomfortable because they are not used to being active learners.
  - - - Teaching behaviour that promotes important educational outcomes including knowledge, but also skills such as motivation, and self-concept.
    - - Interest and explanation
      - Concern and respect for students and student learning
      - Appropriate assessment and feedback
      - Clear goals and intellectual challenge
      - Independence, control and engagement
      - Teacher learns from students
    - - Instructional effective research
        
        Definition
        
        The study of relationships between teaching activities and actual learning (educational changes in students).
        
        Indicators
        
        Student ratings measuring students’ satisfaction
        
        In my experience
        
        Students ratings are not very reliable, students react on those evaluations depending on their final score of the course. Also, in my opinion, effective teaching shouldn't be assessed with student achievement and no context, because there can be many reasons why the majority of students succeeded in a course and not always is due to effective teaching.
        
        Student achievement measured by the students’ success in the course’s tests
        
        Direct teaching behaviours
        
        measured by
        
        High-inference teaching behavior
        
        It can be assessed only through observer inference or judgment,
        
        Low-inference teaching behavior
        
        Explicit actions made by a teacher that can be observed and recorded without the need of the observer of making inferences.
        
        Variables linked to student satisfaction
        
        Clarity and organisation
        
        Expressiveness and enthusiasm
        
        In my experience
        
        1 more item...
        
        Rapport and interaction
        
        Challenges
        
        More research is needed regarding effective teaching behaviours in student-centred learning environments.
        
        Research needs to assess the effectiveness of different teaching behaviours against skills for innovation.
        
        Research needs to take better into account contextual factors that may impact instructional effectiveness
        
        In my experience
        
        The learning setting is very complex, therefore there are many factors that influence student's learning. In this regard, we got to be careful with the conclusions of educational research and improve our methods.