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Factors that influence SLA - Coggle Diagram
Factors that influence SLA
Carlson & Englar-Carlson‟s (2008)
Birth order
Specific birth order positions are classified as either
First-Born
Have higher achievement motivation and tend to do better at school
Are bigger
Are stronger
Are more competent
Are given more responsibilities
Are the only child within the family.
Middle-Born
Parents may be more likely to evaluate their Second-Born‟s progress by standards set by the older sibling
Only Child
The characteristics of a child determines how they react to things and people in their environments in which they are born into and it can determine the kind of adult he or she may become (Hartshorne, Salem-Hartshorne & Hartshorne, 2009).
Birth order and personality trait
Despite this fact each one has a unique and different personality.
It can vary even in every family across the siblings who are in general, born into the same family and surrounded by the same environment.
it is noteworthy that children decide for themselves, along with the environment they live in, what role they want to hold in the family hierarchy.
The importance of birth order in personality development was first proposed by Alfred Adler (1956).
Only child
Overprotected Close to partnts, mature, leader, demanding
First-born
High expectations Authorization, strict, organized, obeys the rules
He described the first-born as more dependent, neurotic, and problematic as a result of being "dethroned" by later siblings.
Middle-Born
Non-privileged Flexible, easy-going, social, secretive, generous
Enjoys the advantages of an older model without the pressure to excel that weighs upon the firstborn child.
Last-Born
Never dethroned Risk-taker, outgoing, creative, competitive
Birth order and intelligence
First-Borns tend to be more intellectually oriented than their younger siblings, are more conscientious in their work habits and studies and attain higher levels of professional status in life (Herrera, Zajonc, Wieczorkowska, & Cichomski 2003).
First-Borns can easily intimidate their younger brothers and sisters both physically and verbally and as a result usually exert dominance over them.
Birth order and educational attainment
Previous research shows that birth order is a marker of stratification within the family
Children tend to have access to greater levels of resources, attention, and cognitive stimulation
Working memory measures in cognitive psychology
The phonological component
Is the most widely researched component of WM in terms of its effects on language learning (Gathercole 2006).
That is to say, speech encoded into the phonological loop will quickly fade if it is not immediately rehearsed.
Was originally conceived by Baddeley and colleagues
Working Memory
Is viewed as the active workspace where task-relevant processing and storage activities dynamically take place
Measuring the executive component of WM (EWM)
Is the most important but the least understood component in Baddeley’s early WM model
It to play various executive functions
Co-ordinating the two slave systems, focusing and switching attention, and activating representations within long-term memory.
it is not involved in temporary storage of information
The most widely recognized EWM measure is Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) reading span task
in which subjects need to read aloud increasingly longer sequences of sentence, and to further state the plausibility of each sentence.
Learning Disabilities and Foreign Language Learning
What causes this difficulty?
Anxiety in the foreign language classroom (anxiety about making mistakes in grammar and pronunciation, about understanding the teacher, about remembering vocabulary)
Kack of motivation was not a cause, as these students could not graduate without completion of their language requirement.
As for anxiety, he realized that the students were coming to see him because they were suffering from extreme anxiety as a result of not being able to pass their language classes.