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NATURE, file-20211109-21-fpdq3d - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dry Climate,
      - Lightning
      - Volcanic Eruption
  - - - Small Mammals
        
        Rabbits, foxes, raccoons, squirrels, chipmunks, and badgers — it’s hard to imagine a forest without small mammals.
        
        Large Mammals
        
        Deer, bear, bobcats, moose, and more – the forest is filled with large animals.
        
        Insects
        
        Ladybugs, beetles, praying mantises, spiders, bees, and other buzzing bugs may give you the creepy crawlies, but they’re an essential part of the forest ecosystem
        
        Reptiles & Amphibians
        
        Gopher tortoise, turtles, salamanders, snakes, frogs, newts, and skunks; these scaly creatures are a common sight for many forest visitors
        
        Birds
        
        Herons, woodpeckers, hummingbirds, bluebirds and cardinals; a good set of binoculars will help you get a peek at these fine-feathered friends.
- - - - There are three superclasses.
        
        Cartilaginous Fish
        
        Jawless fish
        
        Bony Fish
      - Cold-bloodedness: They can't adjust their internal body temperature.
      - Gills: Fish have gills during their life cycle.
      - Swim bladders: They are filled with air. They maintain afloat, help sleep carefully, and in some species help them live with small oxygen.
      - Fins: They give motion, maneuverability and stability.
  - - - They are one of the most unique ecosystems.
      - Coral polyps are animals that build reefs in many forms.
      - Many corals have been discovered; some live in warm, shallow, tropical seas and others in the cold, dark depths of the ocean.
        
        Shallow water, reef-building corals
        
        The coral provides a protected environment and the compounds zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis.
        
        In return, the algae produce carbohydrates that the coral uses for food, as well as oxygen. The algae also help the coral remove waste.
        
        Since both partners benefit from association, this type of symbiosis is called mutualism.
        
        They have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in their tissues.
        
        Deep-sea corals
        
        They live in much deeper or colder oceanic waters and lack zooxanthellae.
        
        They take in plankton and organic matter for much of their energy needs.
      - Around 25% of fish need healthy coral reefs.
      - Many organisms accommodate, look for food, reproduce, and nurture their young in many niches and holes formed by corals.
      - Benefits of coral reef ecosystems
        
        Coral reefs protects the environment and gives benefits to locals.
        
        Many people need reefs for food, medicine, income, and protection.
        
        These ecosystems are essential for indigenous people.
      - Threats to coral reef ecosystems
        
        Some are natural threats.
        
        People also cause threats, such as pollution, sedimentation, and climate change.
        
        Threats can stress and lead corals to death.
        
        Unusually warm waters affected many coral reef ecosystems and let many corals to bleach during 2014-2017.
    - - Sea turtles breathe and have better bodies.
      - They live in tropical and subtropical ocean waters because they can adapt well.
      - There are seven types of sea turtles.
      - Sea turtle nesting
        
        Adult females often move long distances between feeding areas and nesting beaches since they have to return there to lay their eggs.
    - - They live in ecosystems around the world.
      - They have different taxonomic groups.
      - Some mammals have special physical adaptations which it lets them to spread in the marine environment.
  - - - Cephalopods, Crustaceans, & Other Shellfish
        
        They keep healthy ocean systems.
      - Corals and Other Invertebrates
        
        They usually live in compact colonies and build coral reefs.
        
        Starfish, jellyfish, sea slugs, kelps and more creatures live in corals.
        
        They deal with damages from climate change and destructive fishing.
      - Marine Mammals
        
        Many of these marine animals stick to complex social systems and show extraordinary intelligence.
      - Ocean Fishes
        
        There are 20,000 species.
        
        Different shapes, sizes, colors and habitats.
        
        89.5% of fish stocks are overfished.
      - Sea Turtles and Reptiles
        
        Sea turtles exists from the time of the dinosaurs, but all species have a risk to a potential extinction.
      - Seabirds
        
        They come in all shapes and sizes and play an important role in ocean ecosystems.
      - Sharks & Rays
        
        Sharks have played a necessary role to preserve healthy oceans for a long time as a top predator.
        
        There are more than 450 species living in the world’s oceans.
        
        Almost one fourth of sharks and their relatives are endangered.
- - - - Biological communities
    - - The place where an organism lives.　
    - - The same species that live in the territory at once
    - - Multiple species living together.
    - - The work that each animal does
    - - Individuals from one type.
  - - - Non-clinical testing for veterinary
        
        Approval of manufacturing of medicine.
        
        Safety evaluation
        
        Another evaluation at the end
        
        Eco-toxicity testing
        
        Freshwater species
        
        Saltwater species
        
        Standardized guideline
        
        Study environmental risk
    - - How chemical things affect
      - Samples with in vitro
    - - It helps to have detailed evaluation of chemical.
    - - Identify the species
      - Scientists observes how fish are killed
- - - - All female mammals can produce milk.
    - - Mammals live on land, in trees, or even underground.
    - - Mammals are tiny and huge.
        
        The female has mammary glands. After childbirth, the mother’s glands make milk. The mother gives them milk until they can get food for themselves.
    - - The time that a mother carries babies is different.
      - Babies receive food through the mother’s body.
    - - Young mammals learn many behaviors.