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Chapter 6:
Memory - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6:
Memory
What is memory
- An active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
3 processes of memory
- Encoding : Creating new memory that allows the item to store in the brain Mentally processing information
- Storage : Holding the information in short term or long term memory depending on the importance, attitude or experience
- Retrieval : Accessing or recalling memories when needed
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Sensory Memory
- First stage of memory, which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.
ICONIC MEMORY
- Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second. Information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information, a process called masking.
ECHOIC MEMORY
- The brief memory of something a person has just heard.
Short-Term Memory(STM)
- Known as working memory
- The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.
Selective attention
- The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. We only select the stimulus from our surrounding to pay attention at.
Way to improve STM
Chunking - bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks
Maintenance rehearsal - practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over
Long-Term Memory(LTM)
- The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
Elaborative rehearsal
- A method that transfer information from STM to LTM by making some sense of that information**.
Division of LTM
Procedural Memory
- Procedural memory often called implicit memory which memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness. Including skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses, emotional associations, habits, and simple conditioned
Declarative Memory
- Declarative Memory is memory that consciously known. Episodic memory and Semantic memory are group as Declarative Memory
retrieval cues
- It means a stimulus for remembering.
Encoding specificity
- The principle states that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval.
State-dependent learning
- Memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state.
Recall
Serial position effect
- The beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.
Recency effect - tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it.
Primacy effect : tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.
Recognition
- the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.
False memory
- A false memory is a fabricated or distorted recollection of an event. They may contain elements of fact that have been distorted by interfering information or other memory distortions.
Flashbulb Memory
- A type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.
Automatic encoding
- tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding.
Forgetting
Curve of forgetting
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Causes of Forgetting
Memory trace theory
- physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.
Decay - loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.
Disuse - another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.
INTERFERENCE THEORY
Proactive interference - memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information
Retroactive interference - memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.
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