Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Topic 5: Invention and Innovation - Coggle Diagram
Topic 5: Invention and Innovation
5.1 Invention
Drivers for Invention
Desire to make money - Financial return can be invested in further research and development
Desire to help others - Improving the world is an essential aspect of design
Scientific of technical curiosity - Inventions may come about as a part of scientific or technical curiosity
Constructive Discontent - Dissatisfaction with the current state of things
Express creativity or personal interest - Inventors may have a creative or personal interest that motivates them to create a new design
The Lone Inventor
Individuals working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a novel product
Often become isolated because they are engrossed with ideas that may be resisted by others
Intellectual Property
Common types of IP -
Copyright
Trademark
Patents
Trade dress
Trade secrets
Benefits of IP
Differentiating themselves from competitors
Allowing the sale or licensing of technology that can generate revenue
Defining marketing and branding
Establishing a brand that has value as an asset
Legally recognized as creations of the mind
Strategies for Protecting IP
Trademark - A symbol, word, or words legally registered to represent a company or product
Design Protection/Trade Dress - A simple and cost-effective way to protect an innovative shape
Copyright - Legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive ownership for its use and distribution
Patents - An agreement from a government office to give someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years
Service Mark - A trademark used to identify a service rather than a product
First to Market
Advantages
Consumer impact by delivering a new and innovative product to meet needs
Lack of competition
Name recognition as your product defines the product category
Disadvantages
Other companies can learn from mistakes
The first product that created a new market
Shelved Technologies
A technology that is invented and developed but is not brought to the market
Reasons
Current costs for manufacture are too high
Key technological innovations may be lacking
Consumers are not ready for the product
5.2 Innovation
Categories of Innovation
Sustaining Innovation
Continuous development of a product
Disruptive Innovation
Products that challenges existing companies
Process Innovation
Improvement in how a product is manufactured and distributed
Innovative Strategies (Design)
Architectural Innovation
The technology remains the same, but the configuration is changed to create a new design
Modular Innovation
The basic configuration remains identical, but one or more key components are altered
Configurational Innovation
Changes in both technology and organization
Innovative Strategies (Market)
Diffusion
A process where a market will encouragingly accept a new idea
Suppression
A process where a market will accept a new idea slowly
Challenges to Inventions Becoming Innovations
Market Ability
Low market demand for an innovation
Financial Banking
A company may lack the financial resources to bring innovation to the market
Marketing
Shipping, advertising, storage, distribution, and sales may not be effective
Need
No perceived need for the product
Price
Retail price may not match consumers perceived value of the product
Resistance to change
Consumers may be reluctant to adopt a new and innovative product
Risk
Consumers may perceive that the time or cost they have to invest in a new product is not worth it
5.3 Strategies for Innovation
Act of Insight
An idea that suddenly comes to a person
Adaptation
A solution in one field is used to provide a solution to a new problem in a different field
Technology Transfer
A technology developed in one context is applied in different and new contexts
Analogy
An idea from one area to develop an innovation in another area
Chance
Unexpected discoveries
Technology Push
Technical development will be the driving force of innovation
Market Pull
Consumers’ demand for an innovation or solution
5.4 Stakeholders in Innovation
Lone Inventor
An individual who is committed to the invention of a new product
Product Champion
An influential individual who develops an enthusiasm for a particular idea and “champions” it within the organization
Entrepreneur
An influential individual who can take an invention to a market through finance
Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovation
Drawing knowledge from multiple expertises, which can be utilized at different stages of product development
Advantages
Wide knowledge
Combination of different perspectives to create unique solutions
Disadvantages
Individuals may be reluctant to share ideas for fear of losing ownership
Miscommunication can happen
Individuals may not like working in a team
5.5 Product Life Cycle
Product Life Cycle
Launch
Only the innovators are aware
Sales are low
No competition
An extensive marketing effort may be needed to move the product to the next stage in the life cycle
Growth
Early adopters begin to use the product
Sales and profit begin to grow
Competitors introduce competing products
Maturity
Many competitors
Crowded and saturated marketplace
Few new companies join the competition
Decline
Sales and profit drop sharply
Public abandons product
Advanced technology may replace the product
Obsolescence
Planned Obsolescence
Technological Obsolescene
Functional Obsolescence
Style (fashion) Obsolescence
5.6 Roger's Characteristics
Relative advantage
The extent to which a design is more efficient than designs that came before it
Compatibility
How compatible is it to the user’s lifestyle and environment
Complexity
The degree to which a design is easy to use
Trialability
The ability to try out a product before investing time or money in it
Observeability
The idea that the benefits of the innovation are visible to the user
5.7 - Innovation, Design, & Marketing Specifications
Design Specifications
Aesthetic Requirements
Cost Constraints
Environmental Requirements
Size Constraints
Safety Considerations
Performance Requirement and Constraints
Material Requirements
Manufacturing Requirements
Marketing Specifications
Market Analysis
Target Audience
Target Market
User Need
Competition