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EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD - Coggle Diagram
EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
It is broadly accepted that the quality of teaching and teacher education will be instrumental in improving living standards in countries that are plagued by poverty.
Teachers and all other educators today must be able to teach in the transmission mode, but they must also be able to partner as co-learners with students.
Online Assessment
Online games
They can provide a safe, creative environment in which students can learn to experiment, collaborate and solve problems
Short-answer tests
These test items require the student to fill in a word or phrase in response to a direct question.
True-or-false ítems
require students to indicate which of two potential responses is true.
Essays
Essays are flexible and can assess higher-order learning skills. However, they are time-consuming for educators to score.
Student journaling, blogging and wiki building
journaling is a particular useful tool for encouraging student reflection, and teacher educators may elect to assess the journal entries by using a rubric.
Blogging is similar to journaling, except that there are more features for providing access to the information.
Wikis are particularly useful for collaborative group projects and are conducive to social constructivist learning.
Online, digital or ePortfolios
Collection of student work that is organised, reflected upon and presented to show content comprehension and learning growth over a period of time.
Multiple-choice tests
It is important to create multiplechoice tests properly, because in online assessment, the flaws of poorly written items are potentially
Universal Primary Education
The net enrolment ratios improved significantly, rising by as much as 20 per cent in 17 countries. Many more countries are offering free basic education.
Quality of Education
Teachers’ professional capacities and ability to effectively utilise ICT in the classroom for teaching, learning and assessment ultimately depend on their motivation, knowledge and skills.
A number of important factors arise from the Global Monitoring Report that have specific bearing on the development of the present Guidelines for Online Assessment.
The Role of ICT in Open and Distance Learning in the Developing World
five key barriers to the uptake of ICT in ODL:
The availability of reliable and affordable electricity.
The expansion of Internet connectivity.
The professional development of teachers and teacher educators.
Raising awareness of the value of teachers.
Implementing sustainable ICT projects.
CLARIFYING THE CONCEPT "ONLINE ASSESSMENT"
A complex process comprising many dimensions and variables.
Benefits of Online Assessment
• Test items can be randomised when the assessment is taken
• In the case of multiple-choice questions, distractors can be randomised.
• Test items can be tagged by level of difficulty.
• “Pools” of test items can be used from which the tool can randomly assign different test items to different students.
• Some types of test items can be scored by the tool that is used, relieving the teacher or teacher educator from that burden.
• Online tools can give immediate feedback to students.
• Online tools can perform item analyses on the test items, which will help the assessor identify poor questions.
Further Dimensions of Online Assessment
Learning analytics
“the measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs”.
Self- and peer-assessment tasks
• increase student responsibility and autonomy.
• achieve a more advanced and deeper understanding of the subject matter, skills and processes.
• elevate the role and status of students as assessors; • encourage a deeper approach to learning.
• involving students in critical reflection; and
• develop in students a better understanding of their own subjectivity and judgement.
GOOD ONLINE ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
Balance between Formative and Summative Assessment Tasks
Formative assessments, in contrast, are administered frequently by teachers during a learning unit to assess student learning as it happens.
PRINCIPLES FOR ONLINE ASSESSMENT
we established a context for education in the developing world by referencing the Global Monitoring Report and the extent to which countries in the developing world had achieved the MDGs. In particular.
Prerequisites for Implementing Online Assessment
•Supportive institutional policies for ICT integration and ICT use for assessment.
•Access for students and staff to devices and technologies that are appropriate for the setting within which the users are situated
•Sustainability plans and strategies for ICT integration, and access to devices and the Internet
•Capacity building for staff in ICT integration and online assessment
•Encouragement of academic staff to use ICT tools
•Sufficient technical support for academic staff and teachers using online assessment tolos.
Best-practice Principles for Online Assessment
Assessment best-practice principles that were developed for traditional assessment also apply, as already discussed in section 4. What follows are ten online principles that apply to digital forms of assessment.
Consider the Differences between Print Medium and Online Medium
It is therefore prudent for teacher educators to consider these differences between the mediums. When students are assessed in the online environment.
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy
At this level, student learning outcomes are geared towards creating new meanings or structures.
Authentic Learning and Assessment
The given learning tasks use knowledge situated in realistic contexts
Development of 21st century Skills
Teachers cannot simply require the reproduction of information during assessment tasks, as doing so will not sufficiently prepare students for the kinds of tasks they will face in the real world.
The Quizzes module
It maintains student study effort and promotes course engagement. It enables practice to help students evaluate their learning and focus their study efforts accordingly.
Social media
These services allow “account holders” to create profiles, communicate socially, share thoughts, photographs and video clips, and play games against “friends.”
Microsoft Office
Word has functionalities to create forms; the rest of the document gets locked, so the integrity of the document’s layout remains intact. Excel has even more powerful features that can be used to create online assessments.
The Assignment module
Assignments are assessment tasks with a due date and associated with a specific grade. Students use this tool to upload files representative of the assessment task.
Productivity Suites
Google Apps for Education
Applications are cloud-based and can be accessed from any device with an Internet connection.
LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND ONLINE ASSESSMENT
Each has built-in functionalities to assist teachers and teacher educators in developing high-quality assessment aligned with best practice.
Moodle™
appears to be a popular LMS and is in use in a number of developing countries, so it is useful to discuss its assessment functionalities.
Google Classroom
It helps teacher educators and teachers create and organise assignments quickly, provide feedback efficiently and communicate easily with their classes, and it promotes a paperless learning environment.
ONLINE LEARNING RESOURCES
Sources of Pre-made Assessment Options
The OER Commons
contains several resources that are useful for online assessment
General Tools and Websites for Online Assessment
some Internet hosting companies may offer hosting services for MoodleTM. It has been estimated that the extra expenses associated with MoodleTM
TED Education
TED-Ed lessons are premised on a four-step process: watch, think (quiz format), dig deeper and discuss.
Polling and Survey Tools
TodaysMeet
TodaysMeet is a backchannel chat platform for classroom teachers and students to take in-class formative assessment and also a tool for enhancing interaction during classes
Microsoft tolos
experts work closely with Microsoft to lead innovation in education, advocating and sharing their thoughts on the effective use of technology in education with peers and policy makers
Socrative
Socrative is a web-based student response system that educators can use to engage students during classroom sessions.