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Parkinson's disease - Coggle Diagram
Parkinson's disease
Anatomy of basal ganglia and cerebellum
structures determines what functions takes place
Basal ganglia
collection of grey matter located inside the forebrain and midbrain
corpus striatum
lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus (medially)
Efferent part of basal ganglia
degeneration = athetosis
Putamen (laterally)
biconvex (lens shaped nucleus)
Caudate nucleus
comma shaped grey matter mass
head
body
tail
end at the
lesion = chorea
striatum (neostriatum)
caudate nucleus
putamen
Afferent part of basal ganglia
Amygdaloid body
claustrum
other functionally related nuclei
subthalamic nucleus
red nucleus
substantia nigra
relations from medially to laterally
internal capsule
claustrum
external capsule
insula
most lateral
thalamus
most medial
Globus pallidus
putamen
Cerebellum
largest part of the hindbrain
lies in the posterior cranial fossa under the tentorium cerebelli
posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata but separated by the fourth ventricle
2 cerebellar hemispheres
joined by a narrow median part called vermis
middle / posterior lobe
the largest major part
for coordinating voluntary movements
connected mainly with the cerebral cortex
Flocculo-nodular lobe
for equilibrium and truncal movements
connected with the vestibular nuclei
Anterior lobe
in front of the primary fissure
for gross movements of head and body limbs
functionally connected to the spinal cord
prognosis of Parkinson's disease
thus it is important to diagnose it early
depend on the case
with advances treatments most people now with Parkinson's disease have a normal / near normal life expectancy
pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
that lead to an outcome
dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra degenerate
Dopamine levels are diminished
cause less inhibition of the activity of globus pallidus as well as thalamus
Over-excitability of thalamus
Excessive activation of cerebral cortex
complications of Parkinson's disease
thus reducing the prevalence of the disease
dementia
dyskinesia
depression
sleep disorders
swallowing problems
blood pressure swings
causes and risk factors of Parkinson's disease
that lead to the appearance of
genetic
Parkin
alpha-synuclein
DJ1
PINK1
LRRK2
environmental factors
head injury
pesticide exposure
rural living
immunological conditions
signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease
happens due to pathological events
bradykinesia
stooped posture
shuffling gate
tremor
cogwheel rigidity
masked face
small handwriting
impaired balance
Depression
sleep problems
loss of sense of smell
constipation
Managements of Parkinson's disease
also treating the psychosocial aspect
sinemet
carbidopa + levodopa
MAO-B inhibitor
COMT inhibitor
dopamine agonist
Amantadine
Ach blocking drugs
deep brain stimulation
alternative medicine
psychosocial impact
to prevent further complications
unemployment
affecting social life
stigma
depression
epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
and returning the structure and function back to normal
Parkinson's Disease Deaths in Arab Emirates reached 37 or 0.27% of total deaths.
The age adjusted Death Rate is 3.48 per 100,000 of population ranks Arab Emirates #27 in the world
physiology of basal ganglia and cerebellum
abnormalities might result in
cerebellum
balance
coordination
gross movements
basal ganglia
Control/tune complex
pattern of motor activity.
direct pathway
indirect pathway
investigations of Parkinson's disease
to give the proper treatment
History taking
mainly used to diagnose
physical examination
drug reaction test
myocardial scintigraphy scan
(metaiodobenzylguandine)
dopamine transporter imaging
DaTscan
Ioflupane