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Normative Theories - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ideas about the design of liberalist economies
    - - advocacy of free markets with limited government.
    - - “To maximize our utility.”
  - - - The underlying idea is the notion of utility, which Jeremy Bentham sees as the ultimate goal in life.
    - - the “greatest happiness principle,” utilitarianism is the ultimate consequentialist principle.
      - It holds the action are in proportion as they tend to promote happines, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happines.
    - - Act utilitarianism
        
        looks at single actions and bases the moral judgment on the amount of
        pleasure and the amount of pain this single action causes.
      - Rule utilitarianism
        
        looks at classes of action and asks whether the underlying principles of
        action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long run.
    - - “To maximize collective utility.”
- - - - Kant focused on the motives and willingness of individuals to act for the good of others, even though that action might result in personal loss.
      - Categorical Imperative
        
        Maxim 1:
        Consistency
        
        An action can only be right if the rule guiding that behavior should be
        consistently followed by everyone in all cases, without contradiction.
        
        Maxim 2:
        Human dignity
        
        Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your person or in that of another,
        always as an end and never as a means only.
        
        Maxim 3:
        Universality
        
        The rules guiding actions should be universally lawgiving. That is, people have
        to be acceptable to every rational human being.
  - - - Human rights are the basic, unalienable entitlements that are inherent to all human beings, without exception.
      - John Locke
        
        conceptualized the notion of “natural rights” or moral claims that humans were entitled to and that should be respected and protected.
        
        Fundamental human rights
        
        Rights to life
        
        Freedom
        
        Property
        
        Freedom of speech
        
        Conscience
        
        Consent
        
        Privacy
        
        Entitlement to a fair legal process
    - - Equal rights need to be raised in such a way that they are addressed equally and fairly. This is where the issue of justice arises.
      - Beauchamp and Bowie (1997)
        
        Theories of justice typically see fairness in two ways
        
        Fair procedures
        
        Fairness is determined according to whether everyone has been free to acquire rewards for their efforts
        
        Fair outcomes
        
        Fairness is determined according to whethr the consequences are distributed in a just manner, according to someubderlying principles such as need or merit.
      - It is the simultaneously fair treatment of individuals in a given situation with the result that everybody gets what they deserve.
      - John Rawls
        
        A Theory of Justice (1971)
        
        Each person has an equal right to the most extensive total system of basic liberties compatible with a similar system of freedom for all.
        
        Social and economic inequalities are arranged so that they are both:
        
        To the greatest benefit of the least advantaged
        
        Attached to the offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity