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Is there solid justification for regarding knowledge in the natural…

- - - - "When you cannot measure, your knowledge is meagre and unsatisfactory." Lord Kelvin
      - Counter Claims
        
        Application of information and conclusions from human sciences are very useful in society: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30301301/
        
        Applications of human sciences have their limitations in terms of ethicality: https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/the-wellness-industrys-risky-embrace-of-ai-driven-mental-health-care/
    - - "Science is a way of describing reality; it is therefore limited by the limits of observation, and it asserts nothing which is outside observation." Jacob Bronowski
- - - - very difficult to discover "laws of human behaviour" in the same way as natural sciences as there is variability among humans and every human is different from each other. While there are many similarities between human behaviour and cognitive processes, they are difficult to measure and often are dependent on the individual and other extraneous variables.
      - real-life example: law of supply and demand in economics and how economists failed to predict the economic crisis of 2007-2008 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HGSS....5..135S/abstract
      - "human sciences usually uncover trends rather than laws" (Lagemaat, 2015).
      - definitions of law; differing in both sciences, in natural sciences, laws imply a cause and effect between the observed elements and must always apply under the same conditions, while in human sciences scientists face specific challenges when it comes to uncovering laws; data collection, difficult to falsify and test hypothesis, generalizations - problems magnified in the human sciences
      - Laws in natural sciences, such as physics: "Newton classical physics laws were found unable to explain the physics of the atom and subatomic particles or the microscopic systems" - so quantum laws were invented - natural science laws have limitations
    - - it is valued to a greater extent aas it gives the illusion of certainty or predicitivity
    - - models allow for a mechanism of predictions for psychological/cognitive outcomes that further explain psychological processes
      - can be utilized to understand complex concepts and further apply them to real-life situations/events to explain certain phenomena
      - real-life example: memory models in psychology, multi-store memory model - Atkinson & Shriffin and the knowledge is provides to understanding the memory process
        
        provided knowledge about the process of memory encoding and retrieval, supported by the primacy and recency effect which shows that STM and LTM are two separate memory stores and memory is transferred between these stores in a linear sequence- is able to predict how memory processes may be affected if one of these stores is damaged - HM Milner
      - real-life example: models by economists may be logical, but fail in predicting human behaviour; the 2008 financial crisis
- - - - The objectifying stance of modern natural science denies the possibility of understanding things through the conception of purpose
    - - raises the question of validity, since testability is limited, and ethical restrictions