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(Introduction of Energy storage, . (• Note that energy storage is the…

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        Energy efficiency and demand response
        
        Spatial and source generation diversity exhibiting complementary
        
        profiles
        
        Ability to bring resources to market via transmission and timely
        
        utilization
        
        Energy storage
        
        Smart grid electric utility data communications development to integrate
        
        above steps
  - - - • The ramp rate is the short time scale challenge of wind integration.
      - • Methods for developing ramp rate curves can be accessed through Levine and Barnes’
      - • paper from the 2009 Renewable Power Generation Conference10 or by contacting
      - • the authors directly.
      - • Wind generation is not the only variability driver on the grid today; the electric load is variable as well.
      - • This implies that (1) utility operators are accustomed to managing variability and (2) load
      - • variability plus wind variability represents the load profile that dispatchable generation must meet.
      - In all cases modeled by the authors, the variability of the wind increased the variability of the net
      - load when combined with the load
  - - - .
        
        Deferral or avoidance of alternative upgrade or solution net costs that may include components from the transmission, distribution, and generation (TDG) sectors.
        
        Energy costs savings (arbitrage) from the displacement of more expensive peak energy with less expensive off-peak energy.
        
        Transmission peak demand reduction and resulting transmission demand charge reduction for a separate distribution-based utility.
        
        Ancillary services, specifically regulation control and spinning reserve1.
        
        • Storage should be a more significant factor for electric grids as the penetration of renewable generation increases.
        
        • If the benefits available from spatial and generation diversity and demand response and efficiency are fully utilized, the needs for backup generation and storage can be minimized.
        
        • The energy available from intermittent renewable generation combined with the capacity value of storage is a complementary match.