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Type of Cells - Coggle Diagram
Type of Cells
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It is enclosed in a double membrane and communicates with the surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores. Within each nucleus is nuclear chromatin that contains the organism’s genome. The chromatin is efficiently packaged within the small nuclear space. Genes within the chromatin are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Nucleolus
The prominent structure in the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis.
Cytosol
The cytosol is the "soup" within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Though mostly water, the cytosol is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors.
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Centrosome
The centrosome, or MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING CENTER (MTOC), is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced. Plant and animal cell centrosomes play similar roles in cell division, and both include collections of microtubules, but the plant cell centrosome is simpler and does not have centrioles.
Centriole
(animal cells only): Each centriole is a ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. There are three microtubules in each group. Microtubules (and centrioles) are part of the cytoskeleton. In the complete animal cell centrosome, the two centrioles are arranged such that one is perpendicular to the other.
Golgi
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It is actually a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell. The stack of larger vesicles is surrounded by numerous smaller vesicles containing those packaged macromolecules.
Lysosome
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. They are common in animal cells, but rare in plant cells. Hydrolytic enzymes of plant cells are more often found in the vacuole.
Cell Membrane
**Every cell is enclosed in a membrane, a double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer). The exposed heads of the bilayer are "hydrophilic" (water loving), meaning that they are compatible with water both within the cytosol and outside of the cell.
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Prokaryotes
Nucleoid
DNA in the bacterial cell is generally confined to this central region. Though it isn't bounded by a membrane, it is visibly distinct (by transmission microscopy) from the rest of the cell interior.
Genophore
The genophore, sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome, is a long double strand of DNA, usually in one large circle. It includes most of the genetic material of the organism (see Plasmid).
Plasmid
Plasmids are small circular DNA fragments found in the cytoplasm that contain code responsible for antibiotic resistance and other characteristics. Plasmids and the associated traits can be transferred between bacteria, even from one bacterial species to another.
Cytoplasm
This internal "soup" of the bacterial cell is bounded on the outside by the cell envelope. The cytoplasm is mostly water, but within it are the bacterial inclusions - nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes and storage granules - as well as the components necessary for bacterial metabolism.
Endospore
Some bacteria can survive hostile environments, often for long time periods, by bundling their genetic material in a tough internal structure. Endospores can withstand heat, cold, radiation, and lack of nutrition.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs. Though smaller than the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells, these inclusions have a similar function in translating the genetic message in messenger RNA into the production of peptide sequences (proteins).
Storage Granules
Nutrients and reserves may be stored in the cytoplasm in the form of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphate, or in some cases, sulfur or nitrogen.
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