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CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINE, MEASURING DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, OIP,…

- - - - reasoning aims at developing a theory
    - - reasoning aims at testing an existing theory
- - - - Greek Philosophers
        
        PLATO
        
        ARISTOTLES
        
        Study of The Mind (Epistomology) Nature of Human Knowledge
        
        Virtue/Innate (Plato) & Experience/Senses (Aristotles)
      - Other Philosophers
        
        Rationalism : Thinking & Reasoning
        
        Rene Descartes (French)
        
        Gottfried Wilhelm Liebniz (German)
        
        Timeline : 350 B.C (19th Century)
      - Development of Experimental Psychology
        
        Initiation of laboratory method for systematic study of mental operations
        
        Wilhelm Wundt ( The father of Psychologist)
        
        Introspection ( looking inside of own experience)
        
        Behaviorism ( Denying existence of MIND)
        
        Behaviorism comes from Ivan Pavlov
        
        STIMULUS (RESPONSE) : LEARNING (INVOLUNTARY)
        
        B.F Skinner : Behaviorism (Operant Conditioning)
        
        Behavior is modified as a result of its consequences (reward/punishment)
      - The Emergence of Cognitives Science
        
        George Miller (1956)
        
        Capacity of human thinking is limited (Short Term Memory)
        
        Growth of Artificial Inteligence - Primitive computers in existence (Allen Newell and Herbert Simons talk about it)
        
        Development in Linguistic (Language ability, reject behaviorism)
  - - - Surgery on human patients' brain with the patients awake
        
        patients can remain conscious for certain surgery types
        
        Stimulating certain cortex areas with a weak electric current
      - Hallucination & memories
    - - Intelligence can be assessed by size of skull (craniometry)
      - "we speak with the left hemisphere"
    - - Sensory organs sent signals to the brain at the speed of light
      - Chronograph: An instrument that capable to measure short duration and rapid changes (reaction time to stimuli)
      - It takes longer to react to stimulus applies to a receptor that is further to the brain
      - Humans have conscious and unconscious
    - - Predicting people's abilities & personality traits by measuring "bumps on their skull"
    - - Mental representation- Exists for a speaker before forms a sentence
      - Emphasized by the variations of grammar used by the speaker
      - Language = Generative
        
        Utterances= Product of creative synthesis of one or more mental contents
    - - The brain is the sole organ of the mind
      - Human basic character & intellectual traits are innately determined
      - Structure differ according to their function
    - - Unconcious process results to visual illusions
      - Visual perceptions are based on unconcious inferences (eye and brain)
    - - Perception- determined by unconscious inferences
      - Attention(other aspect of consciousness)
        
        Paying attention- Certain features of what one is generally conscious at a give time are perceived most clearly while the rest into the background
    - - There exists a connection between ability to memorize & "large protuding eyes"
      - relationship exists between brain structure & function
      - Tha ability to memorize vary amongst people
    - - Localized in specific regions of the brain
      - Effects of experimentally induced: Physical memory traces (engrams) must be made in the brain when learning occurs.
      - Principle of Mass Action- A functional area of cortex is damaged, its ability to perform previously may be lost in proportion to extent of the injury.
      - Principle of Equipontentiality- one region of brain is surgically removed, another region takes over the damaged region's function
    - - Used himself as a subject- human capability for remembering & forgetting
      - Techniques
        
        Learning lists of nonsense syllables, then count how many trials to memorize and recall without error
        
        Memorize materials, then recall and relearn later on at the particular time
      - Contributions
        
        Convert unobservable mental processes into observable behavior
        
        Measure behavior reliably
        
        Show how behavior is systemically affected by relevant factors and conditions
  - - - Memory, representations
    - - day-to-day
    - - Sensation, perception, attention
  - - - BODILY-KINESTHETIC
        
        Body movement
      - SPATIAL
        
        Remember things visually
      - INTRAPERSONAL
        
        Self-knowledge
      - LIOGICAL MATHEMATICS
        
        Enjoy exploring how things are related
      - MUSICAL
        
        Rhythm, sound of languge
      - LINGUSTICS
        
        Enjoy saying, hearing, seeing words
      - INTERPERSONAL
        
        Social intellingence
      - NATURALST
        
        Recognize plants, animals, other parts of environment
    - - Brain damage affecting intrapersonal&interpersonal knowledge
  - - - INTELLINGENCE
        
        CONTEXTUAL
        
        LEADS US TO TRY TO ADAPT TO OUR ENVIROMENT
        
        EXPERIENTAL
        
        PROVIDES US WITH THE ABILITY TO;
        
        DEAL WITH NOVEL TASKS & SITUATIOANL DEMANDS
        
        AUTOMATIZE PROCESSING OF INFOMRATION
        
        COMPONENTIAL
        
        METACOMPONENTS
        
        PERFORMANCE PROCESSES
        
        KNOWLEDGE- ACQUISITON