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8: Enlightenment of Independence - Coggle Diagram
8: Enlightenment of Independence
1800-mid 1900's - previous, lack of instantaneous communication; deaf population isolated
MEDICAL & HEARING AIDS
historically, medications in the ear, amplifiers
1800 - 1st hearing aid = ear trumpet; speaking tubes (churches); acoustic throne (Portugal - King Goa) - kneel at lion, speak into mouth
1836 - 1st hearing aid patent - England
1855 - U.S. = Earscoops
1800's, with h.a.; typically negative attitudes; stigma, caused people to hide deafness/aids
1920's - vacuum tube technology - electrical, then smaller & concealable; wear in hair, tie clasp, "invisible" = masks the hearing loss
1952 - transistors = smaller, wear in glasses or behind the ear
Auditory Enhancement /Cochlear Implants
1950's - research
1961 - Dr. W. House = 1st in U.S
1984 - movement for infants/ch/adults for CI
not natural; "representation of environmental sounds"
does not cure or eliminate deafness
= controversy, resistance, "pahtological viewpoint": "fixing
sometimes they are removed; dangers of infection, malfunction
Visual/Tactile Alerting Devices
Waking early = cat or dog, wired alerts, tactile vibration
Communication: write letters, no phone, hearing family members, messages; whole family = party lines; TTY = 1960's
Access for Deaf-Blind - may not be completely blind; SSP=Support Service Providers; link between DB and environment; access to community, relay information; service dogs = visual alerts
"Borrowed voices" = family, friends, inter, relay operator, text, internet, theatre - hearing paired with Deaf actors
CAPTIONED MOVIES
Silent Movies = when talkies came around and low access for deaf people; some talkies offered 'deaf discounts'
1949 - 1st captioned films for the Deaf
1958 = law by Dwight Eisenhower
DCMP Described and captioned Media Program
1972 - Malcolm Norwood - 1st deaf chief of captioned films
Authors: "supper clubs" - would get together and watch captioned films
Captioned TV
until captions, dialogue not well understood, physical comedy ok
1972: Boston WGBH - 26 episodes of the French Chef
1973 - Nixon inaug address captioned
Masterpiece Theatre = 1st commercial television show
"Open Captions" = all on = distracting
"Closed Captions" = need decoder
1979 - National Captioning Institute (NCI); cost $300 at Sears - 1980's; 15 hours of programming per week
1984: about 100K decoders; added a remote
1985 - 60 hours of captioning per week; news, entertainment programs
1980 - Zenith - TV with built in CC chip w/o decoder; ads = Proctor & Gamble to increase access to seniors
1988 CC Commission on Education of the Deaf
1990 - ADA - Decoder Chip act - by 1993 all 13" or bigger must have built in cc technology
1996 Telecommunications act - additional req; by 2006 all TV programs must be captioned; FCC; live captioning of news (large); small news was preprinted or summitted; home based stenographer, but errors; did not apply to videos/DVD's
Primarily addressed deaf population but also English learners; subtitles in other languages; noisy environments
Captioning Spinoffs: CART = Communication Access Real-time Translation or CPrint - captioned on computer
Types of In-Theatre Captioning
Open = always on
Rear Window Captioning, proj on screens and reflected
Personal size captions - palm sized
Telephone/TTY
Printed Telephone communication
1960's - Western Union - Teletypewriters, over phone lines, then overhauled and connected to modem
1st time deaf could communicate without face to face
1st time deaf people had phone numbers
The Blue Book - annual directory; went from 145 entries at first,now 500 pages; no long distance
1974 = 1st Braille TTY
TTY Relay Service
CA = communication assistant, hearing person, typed and spoken
increased use over the years
long waits, then state programs
1990 - ADA - Title IX - increase relay and required all phone companies to provide by 3/1/2001
2001 - 711 access (like 411 or 911)
now: video/web
Video phones
2003 mandatory to deaf people for free - live interpreter - sign & speak
signed communication video
Video Relay Services (VRS)
2002 - FCC provided funding
accept messages and find via text or computer
2005 New laws
Video Remote Interpreting
remote interpreter, off site
on-site is always best but this could suffice
Current issues
increased access
What does this mean for deaf community? Will deaf community suffer since access has increased?
webcams, video, online, internet, virtual environments