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Older adult - Coggle Diagram

- - - - thought to be acquired through stretching of the fascial attachments between the esophagus and diaphragm at the hiatus (the opening through which the esophagus traverses the diaphragm)
      - a protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragmatic hiatus
    - - includes diverticulosis or the presence of diverticula protruding through the colonic wall and diverticulitis, an acute inflammation of diverticula associated with fever, leukocytosis, and pain
- - - - debilitating neurological disease of CNS (basal ganglia and substantia nigra) that affects motor activity
      - imbalance in ACH and dopamine
      - S&S: rigidity, tremor, pin rolling motion, slow movements (bradykinesia), shuffling feet, postural instability (difficulty with gait and balance), mask-like facial expressions, and emotional liability
    - - irreversible and progressive
      - impairment in cognitive function effects (memory, reasoning, attention, language, and problem solving)
      - causes: damage or injury to brain, genetics, environmental factors, chromosomal abnormalities, free radicals, levels of aluminum and mercury in brain, slow-acting virus, and inactivity
    - - reversible and rapid
      - defined as an alteration in consciousness
      - causes: infection, hypoxia, dehydration, hypernatremia > 146, hyponatremia < 136, new medications, pain, and cognitive impairment
- - - - process of lipid accumulation, scarring, and inflammation in the vascular wall, particularly the subendothelial (intimal) space of arteries, leading to vascular wall thickening, luminal stenosis, calcification, and in some cases thrombosis
    - - the heart, via an abnormality of cardiac function (detectable or not), fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or is able to do so only with an elevated diastolic filling pressure
- - - - characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, impaired regulation of hepatic glucose production, and declining β-cell function, eventually leading toβ -cell failure
    - - serum T3 usually increases more than does T4, probably because of increased secretion of T3 as well as conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues. In some patients, only T3 is elevated (T3 toxicosis)
    - - caused by permanent loss or atrophy of functional thyroid tissue (primary hypothyroidism); insufficient stimulation of a normal thyroid gland as a result of hypothalamic or pituitary disease (secondary hypothyroidism, often accompanied by compensatory thyroid gland enlargement); or a defect in the TSH molecule (control hypothyroidism).
- - - - Inflamed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways narrow and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe. In essence, asthma is the result of an immune response in the bronchial airways.
    - - thought to be caused by overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells. Epithelial cells lining the airway response to toxic, infectious stimuli by releasing inflammatory mediators and eg pro-inflammatory cytokines.
    - - The inner walls of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.
- - - - a disorder of glomeruli (clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered). It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
    - - Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form.
- - - - due to deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
- - - - light perception threshold decrease, dark and light adaptation take longer, and difficulty with vision at night
    - - glaucoma
        
        caused by raised intraocular pressure. It is this raised pressure that compresses and damages the optic nerve. Once the optic nerve is damaged, it fails to carry visual information to the brain and this results in loss of vision.
      - macular degeneration
        
        characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane, as well as, in some cases, alterations in choroidal capillaries.
      - cataracts
        
        cataract development is multifactorial and includes the following factors: Compaction and stiffening of the central lens material (nuclear sclerosis) as new layers of cortical (outer lens) fibers continue to proliferate over time.