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The Belligerents, Syrian Rebels, Bashar al-Assad, While both al-Qaeda and…
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Syrian Rebels
United States + France/UK [Ground Forces {SDF}, Training, Strategic]
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The SDF was supported directly by American troops under the Obama Administration, but the Trump administration withdrew most support for Kurds and SDF
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SDF
Turkey [Bombing, Invasion]
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As Kurds are fighting to establish their own nation, Turkey believes a Kurdish-state and Turkish-sovereignty are mutually exclusive
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Largely Superficial support for the Syrian Rebels, as Turkey was bombing their primary support, the SDF
Support from the CJTF-OIR, coalition of EU, NATO countries and other domestic powers such as KSA, Jordan, Bahrain, Qatar, Morocco etc.
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Saudi Arabia [Arms, Strategic, Diplomatic]
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Wanting to limit terrorist threats in the region, ensure stability
Libya(post-Gadaffi)
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Libyan govt. supported Syrian rebels with $100M donation, and arms
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Bashar al-Assad
Russian Federation [Arms, Strategic, Diplomatic]
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Iran [Ground Forces, Strategic]
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"Wherever a movement is Islamic, populist, and anti-American, we support it." - Khamenei
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Strategically released Jihadi prisoners at the beginning of the Civil war to make it tougher for the West to support rebels
While both al-Qaeda and IS have been competitors in many ways, al-Qaeda shared interests with IS and supported them in 2013/14 in Syria
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Turkey was able to 'play' both sides by supporting the Rebels on paper while bombing the US-supported SDF for their national interests