Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Sarah Hernandez P.6 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Sarah Hernandez P.6
Skeletal System
Types of Bones + examples
long bone:
long with expanded ends
short bone:
almost equal in length/width
flat bone:
plate-like shape with broad surface
irregular:
various shapes
sesamoid
(round) bone: small, nodular bones that
develop within tendon
; special type of short bone
long: arm/leg bones
short: bones of wrists/ankles
flat: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones
irregular: vertebrae, facial bones
sesamoid: patella
Bones Fracture Repair
Fracture: classified by
cause
and
nature of break
cause: traumatic, spontaneous, or pathologic fractures
nature of break: greenstick, fissured, comminuted, traverse, oblique, spiral fracture
healing process:
Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessel, forms hematoma
Spongy bone forms region close to blood vessels, fibrocartilage forms in distant regions, away from blood vessels
Hard (bony) callus replaces firbrocartilage
Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure similar to original
Joints + examples
Joints: functional junctions between bones
enables body movements, binds body together, induces bone growth, permits shape changes during childbirth
functional classification
: degree of movement they allow
(see synovial joints)
structural classification
: type of tissue bonding them together
cartilaginous joints
: connected by hyaline (articular) or cartilage
e.g- invertebral discs
synovial joints
: diarthrotic= freely moveable
articular ends= hyaline cartilage
joint capsule:
outer= dense connective
inner= synovial membrane
lubricates joints: synovial membrane--> synovial fluid
fibrous joints
: immovable/slightly moveable
e.g- suture of skull
e.g- joint betw distal tibia/fibula
Name of all Bones:
206 total
Axial Skeleton
- protecting head, trunk,neck
Cranial Bones(8):
frontal
parietal (2)
occipital
temporal (2)
sphenoid
ethmoid
Facial Bone(14):
maxilla
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal concha
lacrimal
nasal
mandible (1)
vomer (1)
Vertebral Column
- 26 bones
cervical v= 7
thoracic v= 12
lumbar v= 5
sacrum
coccyx
Thoracic Cage
- 25 bones
24 ribs: (pairs)
1-7= true ribs
8-12= floating ribs
11,12= false ribs
sternum
Skull
+ hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of upper/lower limbs, connecting limbs to axial
pectoral girdle
:
scapula
clavicles
lower limbs
(60)
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
tarsal (14)
metatarsals (10)
phalanx (28)
pelvic girdle:
coxal (hip) bone
ilium- largest/upper portion
ischium-
L -shape/posterior portion
pubis- anterior portion
upper limbs
(60)
hummerus
radius
ulna
carpals (16)
metacarpals (10)
phalanx (28)
Bone Remodeling
bone--> connective tissue formation:
ossification
intramembranous bones: sheet like layers of connective tissue
endochondral bones: hyaline cartilage
osteoclasts
: bone-resorbing cells- break calcified matrix
osteoblasts
: bone-building cells- deposits bone
bone remodeling
: osteoclasts resorb, osteoblasts deposit bone; controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
Disorders- Fracture Types
fracture: break in bone v.
broken bone: exposed to outside by opening in skin-
compound (open) fracture
greenstick fracture
: incomplete; break occurs on convex surface of bend in the bone
fissured fracture
: incomplete, longitudinal break
comminuted fracture
: complete+ bone fragments
traverse fraction
: complete; break occurs at right angle (90) to axis of the bone
oblique fracture
: occurs at angle other than right angle (90) to axis of the bone
spiral fracture
: caused by excessive twisting of a bone
Anatomy of Long Bone
expanded ends that form joints=
epiphysis
; covered by articular cartilage
shaft of the bone=
diaphysis
^ the diaphysis contains a hollow chamber, the
medullary cavity
- filled with special connective tissue
bone marrow
medullary cavity= lined with thin cell layer;
endosteum
periosteum
: layer of dense connective tissue that covers the bone
compact bone
: tightly packed tissue, makes diaphysis wall
spongy bone
: many branching body plates;
trabeculae
Movements by Synovial Joints
synovial joints:
diathrotic
, allows free movement
classified by shape of parts and movements they allow
articular ends of synovial joints=
hyaline (articular) cartilage
joint capsule:
outer layer= dense connective
inner layer= synovial membrane
-
synovial membrane
secretes
synovial fluid
, which lubricates joints
-
menisci
: absorbing pad of fibrocartilage; contains shock and aid tendon movement
Classification of Synovial Joints
:
ball and socket (spheroidal)
: bones of egg-shaped head articulating cup-shaped cavity
multiaxial
: allows widest range of motion
condylar (ellipsoidal)
:
biaxial
; permits back/forth + side/side movement withing 2 planes
plane (gliding)
:
nonaxial
; allows sliding/twisting movement
Hinge joint
: convex surface of bone fitting another concave
-
uniaxial
: allows movement in 1 plane
pivot (trochoid)
: cylindrical surface rotates w/in ring of bone and ligaments
uniaxial
: allows rotation around central axis
saddle (sellar)
: found between bones with both concaves and convex areas in articulating surfaces
biaxial
: variety of movements, mostly 2 planes
Differences Between Male/Female Skeleton
Differences= Pelvic Girdle, Pelvic Cavity, Sacrum, Coccyx
Male:
male hip bones (pelvic girdle)
= heavier, thicker and have more evident muscular attachments; obturator foramina= oval; pubic arch is smaller in width
pelvic cavity:
less in width than female in all diameters, funnel-shaped; smaller distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities
sacrum:
less in width, faintly bent posteriorly
coccxy:
less movable
Female:
female hip bones (pelvic girdle):
lighter, thinner, less evident in muscular attatchments; triangular obturator foramina; smaller acetabula + wider pubic arch
pelvic cavity:
wider in all diameters- shorter, roomier and less funnel-shaped; distances between ishcial spines and ischial tuberosities= greater
sacrum:
wider + sacral curvature= sharply bent posteriorly
coccyx:
more movable