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LOWER LIMBS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - is also called flexion of the hip
      - performed with the torso inclined forward (flexion of the pelvis on the thighs)
      - removes the heads of insertion of the muscles Biceps femoral, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus that act more effectively
    - - is also called hip extension
      - performed by the position of the thigh flexed on the pelvis
      - brings the heads of insertion of the anterior rectum that acts with little effectiveness
    - - is also called hip abduction
      - swinging the leg away from the body laterally (to the side)
    - - is also called hip adduction
      - pulling the leg toward or across the body
    - - movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
    - - conversely, rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline
  - - - reduce the rear angle between the leg and the thigh
    - - increase the rear angle, present between the leg and the thigh
        
        the knee joint plays a decisive part in their adjustment
        
        the knee allows the leg to bend backwards and its extension until it is not in axis with the thigh
        
        maximum point of extension
        
        the gesture of extension of the leg is always subsequent to one of flexion
  - - - the action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin
      - the flexion of the foot in the dorsal, or upward, direction
      - uses the muscles in the front part (anterior) of the foot
        
        the tendons of the muscles that pass through the front of the foot and into the ankle joint include
        
        tibialis anterior
        
        extensor hallucis longus
        
        extensor digitorum longus
      - the foot should be raised upward between 10 and 30 degrees
    - - he opposite of dorsiflexion
      - involves moving the foot in a downward direction, toward the ground
      - when the foot is moved downward between 20 and 50 degrees
      - The muscles whose tendons cause plantar flexion are located on the back (posterior)
        
        and inside of the leg, and pass into the back of the foot via the ankle joint
        
        these include
        
        tibialis posterior
        
        flexor digitorum longus
        
        gastrocnemius
        
        soleus
    - - lift the medial edge of the foot and keep the lateral edge on the floor.
      - opposite movement of the pronation
        
        the rotation towards the outside of the foot during the normal movement
      - the supine foot during the detachment phase (thrust phase)
        
        the heel is raised for the first time from the ground
    - - excessive rotation towards the inside of the foot when walking
      - occurs when the outer edge of the heel hits the ground (supporting phase) and the foot rolls inwards tending to flatten the arch
- - - - the main difference between running and march is that in the first one there is a flight phase in which no foot touches the ground
  - - - detachment
      - flight
      - arrival
  - - - with each step the leg in thrust moves up the center of gravity of the body
      - then the subject, after the push, lets himself fall
      - the other leg stops the fall and then passes, in turn, to the push phase
    - - you always have a foot that rests on the ground
      - there is no period of "flight" --> that moment when the foot must come off the ground to make the stride
  - - - run on the spot bringing your knees up
      - lean the forefoot
      - alternate the arm opposite to the knee to maintain balance
      - keep your back straight and belly inside
      - inhale and exhale
      - slow down the pace if you are gasping
      - keep your eyes straight ahead