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Development as Freedom, nsplsh_6872454a5952744244726b_mv2_d_2227_3340_s_2 …
Development as Freedom
Two Roles of Freedom
- In the normative approach used here, substantive individual freedoms are taken to be critical.
- Freedom is not only the basis of the evaluation of success and failure, but it is also a principal determinant of individual initiative and social effectiveness.
Poverty & Inequality
Income deprivations and capability deprivations often appear correlated but it is important to avoid being mesmerised into thinking that taking note of the former would somehow tell us enough about the latter.
Tradition, Culture & Democracy
Participation is central here. Economic development of a nation may lead to loss of traditions and cultural heritage. Others may say it is better to be rich and happy than impoverished and traditional. But where is the source of authority and legitimacy – it is a choice the people involved have to face and assess.
Values & the Processes of Valuation
One of the strongest arguments in favor of political freedom lies precisely in the opportunity it gives citizens to discuss and debate -and to participate in the selection of- values in the choice of priorities.
Income & Mortality
The causal influences on these contrasts include social arrangements and community relations such as medical coverage, public health care, school education, law and order, prevalence of violence etc
Evaluate Systems: Incomes & Capabilities
Low income can be a major reason for illiteracy and ill health as well as hunger and undernourishment, and conversely, better education and health help in the earning of higher incomes.
Concluding Remarks
The motivation underlying the approach of “development as freedom" is not so much to order all states (or all alternative scenarios) into one "complete ordering", but to draw attention to important aspects of the process of development, each of which deserves attention.
Markets & Freedoms
a) People have a right to undertake transactions and exchange. Restricting this is a direct reduction in freedom.
b) Markets typically work to expand income and wealth and economic opportunities and so restricting market mechanisms leads to a reduction in freedoms as a result.
Freedom, Capability & Quality of Life
The origin of economics was significantly motivated by the need to study the assessment of, and causal influences on, the opportunities that people have for good living.
Processes & Opportunities
The view of freedom that is being taken here involves both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, and the actual opportunities that people have, given their personal and social circumstances.
The Perspective of Freedom
The ends and means of development require examination and scrutiny for a fuller understanding of the development process, it is simply not adequate to rake as our basic objective just the maximization of income or wealth. Economic growth cannot sensibly be treated as an end. Development must be more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the freedoms we enjoy.
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Some illustrations: Political freedom & quality of life
Such as the liberty of political participation and dissent, or opportunities to receive basic education, are of are not “conducive to development." In the light of the more foundational view of development as freedom, this way of posing the question tends to miss the important understanding that these substrative freedoms are among the constituent components of development.
Transactions, Markets and Economic Unfreedom
We must also examine on the other side, the persistence of deprivations among segments of the community that happen to remain excluded from the benefits of the market-oriented society.
A Concluding Remark
Economic facilities can help to generate personal abundance as well as public resources for social facilities. Freedom of different kinds can strengthen one another
Forms of Unfreedom
Political liberty and civil freedoms are directly important on their own, and do not have to be justified indirectly in terms of then effects on the economy. Even when people without political liberty or civil rights do not lack adequate economic security, they are deprived of important freedoms in leading their lives and denied the opportunity to take part in crucial decisions regarding public affairs.
Effectiveness and Interconnections
a) The evaluate reason: Assessment of progress has to be done primarily in terms of whether the freedoms that people have are enhanced.
b) The effectiveness reason: Achievement of development is thoroughly dependent on the free agency of people.
Organizations & Values
It is important not only to give the markets their due, but also to appreciate the role of other economic, social, a political freedoms in enhancing and enriching the lives that people are able to lead.
Institutions & Instrumental Freedoms
(1) political freedoms
(2) economic facilities
(3) social opportunities
(4) transparency guarantees and
(5) protective security
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