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How does the current outbreak of typhoid in Bangladesh reflect changes and…
How does the current outbreak of typhoid in Bangladesh reflect changes and continuities in society?
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms are likely to develop gradually — often appearing one to three weeks after exposure to the disease.
Early signs of symptoms may include:
-Abdominal pain
-Headaches
-Fevers
-Weakness
-Loss of appetite
Late signs of symptoms may include becoming delirious and lying motionless in what's known as the typhoid state. At this state, their muscles are twitching, and they will look extremely stressed.
Classification
Family: Enterobacteriaceae (Gram negative bacteria)
Species: Salmonella enterica var. typhi (Syn. Salmonella typhimurium)
Salmonella enterica is the second species of its genus, containing 6 main subspecies.
There are many variations for each subspecies, “var. Typhi” is only one of them.
Original description by (Kauffmann & Edwards, 1952)
Redescribed by (Le Minor & Popoff, 1987)
Causes
First found in Ancient Greece
The bacteria is widespread throughout Europe, Asia, Latin America and some parts of the Caribbean area.
Usually found in many unsanitary rural areas, such as parts of India and Pakistan.
Extremely contagious, only when the bacteria is ingested, with either drinking water or food, which contain the highest risk for developing symptoms.
After the symptoms, the receiver will become a healthy carrier, therefore requiring further treatment.
Causes of rapid spread:
No health regulations
Terrible housing and sewage supply
Shared / Public facilities
Solutions and Treatments
Typhoid treatments before the vaccine
Physicians administered turpentine, quinine, brandy and quinine sulphate as treatment
Mild isolation (caretakers were allowed to enter)
Maintained cleanliness in the camps and hospitals, properly prepared food and well situated latrines.
Mainly focused on bringing down the fever
Typhoid treatments after the vaccine
Antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) (most common), Azithromycin (Zithromax)
and Ceftriaxone are administered
Drinking fluids
Surgery (if necessary)
Vaccine is discovered but is not 100% effective
Vaccine requires a booster shot every 2-5 years.
Subquestions
SQ1: Why does typhoid spread easily in Southeast Asian cities?
SQ2: How does typhoid spread in Southeast Asian cities?
SQ3: How would typhoid affect the population in Southeast Asian cities?
SQ4: How did doctors develop antibiotics that kill typhoid bacteria?
Current distribution:
Asia (especially India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh)
Africa
Caribbean
Central and South America
Middle East
