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Skeletal System Joseph Gonzales P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Joseph Gonzales P.5
Bones
Axial Skeleton
Cranium
Sphenoid bone
Inside the skull (in middle)
Ethmoid bone
Right up top of skull (top)
Parietal bone
Middle of skull
Sagittal suture
Suture right down the middle
Coronal suture
Sutures at the sides (joining sagittal)
Squamous suture
Suture above the ear
Temporal bone
above the ear (side)
Occipital
back of head
Frontal bone
front of head (forehead)
Lambdoid suture
back of head suture
Facial bones
Maxilla
Top jaw
Mandible
below jaw
Zygomatic bone
cheek bone
Nasal bone
form the bridge of the nose
Hyoid bone
Under the jaw
Lacrimal bone
form part of the medial walls of the orbits
Vomer bone
form the cheekbones and lateral walls of the orbits
Inferior nasal conchae
re fragile, scroll-shaped bones that support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
Palatine bone
are L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae
Vertebrae Column
Thoracic
middle of vertebrae
12 in total in the middle
associated with the rib cage
Lumbar
Bottom vertebrae
5 in total
support the weight of the body
stronger than cervical and thoracic
Cervical
Neck
7 in total near the head
Support the head
Atlas (C1)
contains the tooth-like dens that pivots within the atlas
Axis (C2)
supports the head
has no body or spinous process
Thoracic Cage
Ribs
True ribs
7 total; ribs that protect lungs and heart
False ribs
3 sets (9 total); Ribs connect to costal cartilage
Floating ribs
Ribs that do not connect to others; 2 sets (4 total)
Sternum
breast (in the middle of rib cage)
Manubrium
above the sternum
Xiphoid process
Below the sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Shoulder
Scapula
Shoulder Blades
Upper limbs
Humerous bone
Funny bone
Radius
thumb side bone of arm
Ulna
Pinky side bone of arm
Phalanges
Fingers
Carpals
Wrist
Metacarpals
Palm
Pelvic girdle
Sacrum
Pelvis
Coxal
Hip
Coccyx
Tailbone
Lower limbs
Tibia
Bigger bone (in front of fibula)
Fibula
smaller bone (behind tibia)
Femur
bone below coxal
Patella
knee caps
Metatarsals
connect the phalanges to the tarsals
Tarsals
ankle
Talus
lower part of ankle joint
Calcaneuous
sole (heel) of foot
Phalanges
Toes
Long Bone
Articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
covers the epiphyses
Spongy Bone
consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
circular areas in bone
Epiphyseal lines
epiphyseal plate that has become ossified.
top of long bone
between articular and red marrow spaces
Compact Bone
is a very tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of the diaphysis
Medullary cavity
forms in the diaphysis,
a hollow chamber
Yellow marrow
stores fat and occupies most cavities of bone in adults
block of yellow beneath medullary cavity
Periosteum
A tough layer of dense connective tissue
covers the bone
continuous with ligaments and tendons
Diaphysis
in the middle where compact bone is labeled
The shaft of the bone
Proximal epiphysis
very similar to the distal epiphysis, except it is on the other side of the diaphysis
made up of spongy tissue
covered in articular cartilage
Distal epiphysis
located near the bottom of the femur
endosteum
medullary cavity is lined with a thin layer of cells
lines the Haversian canal
epiphyses
Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
reduces the weight of the skeleton
spongy bone
Joints
Hinge joint
A convex surface of a bone fits into a concave surface of another
Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial), like hinge of a door
Examples: the elbow and joints between phalanges
Plane (gliding) joint
Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
Allows a sliding or twisting movement (nonaxial)
Examples: joints of the wrist and ankle, as well as those between vertebrae, sacroiliac joints
Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint
Consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
Permits back and forth and side to side movements within 2 planes (biaxial), but not rotation
Examples: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint
Consists of a bone with a globular or egg-shaped head
Allows widest range of motion, including movement in all planes (multiaxial)
Examples: the shoulder and hip joints
Synovial
diarthrotic (freely movable)
has a complex structure
joint capsule; inner layer called dense CT; has synovial membrane
synovial membrane makes synovial fluid; lubricates joints
Cartilaginous
connected by hyaline and fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
examples: pubic symphysis and first rib of sternum
composed of cartilage
Fibrous
some are movable like joint between tibia and fibula
example: sutures on the skull
synarthrotic (Immovable)
compose dof dense CT
Saddle
A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament
Allows only rotation around central axis (uniaxial)
Examples: joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas
Pivot
found between bones that have both concave and convex areas in their articulating surfaces; bones have complementary surfaces
Permits a variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes (biaxial)
Example: the joint between the trapezium (carpal) and the metacarpal of the thumb
Bone Remodeling
resorption of osteoclasts are what makes osteoid
becoming osteocytes
some osteocytes perform apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Male Skeleton
Bones are stronger
coccyx is less movable
hands are usually bigger
Most male skeletons are bigger than a females
taller than female
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Rotation
movement around axis
Circumduction
circular path
Plantar flexion
ankle move, farther to shin
Pronation
rotation of forearm; palm facing down
Dorisflexion
ankle movement
Supination
palm facing upward
Adduction
arms coming closer to midline
Inversion
turning the sole medially
Abduction
arms away from midline
Eversion
turning the sole laterally
Hyperextension
straightening back
Protraction
moving a part of body forward
Lateral flexion
bending head
Retraction
moving a part of body backward
Extension
stretching of limbs
Elevation
raising a part of body
Flexion
bending of limbs
Depression
lowering a part of body
Bone Fracture Repair
Phase 2
Spongy bone is formed in that [injured] area
Phase 3
Spongy bone becomes hard replacing fibrocartilage
Phase 1
Hematoma (blood clot) forms in injured area
Phase 4
Osteoclasts remove any bone tissue leaving an [almost] original of the bone.
Female Skeleton
less smoother
female sacrum is wider
coccyx is more movable
smaller than a male
shorter than male
bones are more fragile
Types of bones
Short
Sesamoid
small, nodular bones that develop within a tendon;
special type of short bone
almost equal in length and width;
examples: bones of the wrist and ankles
Flat
plate-like shape with broad surface;
examples: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones
Long
long with expanded ends;
examples: arm and leg bones
Irregular
varied shape
examples: vertebrae, some facial bones