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INFLAMMATION, Varsha Arasu (012021021676) BBM, Basic Pathology (LPT20102T)…

- - - - Enzymes activation - e.g. acute pancreatitis
      - Metabolic products - uric acid, urea
      - Circulation disorders: thrombosis, infarction, hemorrhage
    - - Chemical agents: toxic gases, acids, bases
      - Biological agents: bacteria, viruses, parasites
      - Physical agents
        
        Thermal agents: burns, freezing
        
        Mechanic agents: fracture, foreign corps, sand, etc.
- - - - Elimination of microbes or dead cells
    - - If not regulated, can have harmful consequences and damage the tissue
    - - Phagocytic
        
        Macrophages
        
        Eat up the offender
        
        Granulocytes
        
        Release granules full of potent chemicals
    - - 1) Complete resolution
        
        2) Healing by scar-tissue
        
        3) Progression into chronic inflammation
    - - Needs to be recognized: macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells
        
        Secrete mediators, e.g. amines, cytokines
        
        Promote dilation of small vessel, increased permeability and recruitment of leukocytes
- - - - Vascular events
        
        1) Haemodynamic changes
        
        i. Transient vasoconstriction
        
        ii. Vasodilation
        
        iii. Elevation of hydrostatic pressure
        
        iv. Slowing or stasis
        
        2) Altered vascular permeability
        
        ii. Direct injury
        
        iii. Leukocyte-dependent injury
        
        iv. Increased transcytosis
        
        v. New blood vessel formation
        
        i. Endothelial cell contraction
      - Cellular events
        
        1) Exudation of leukocytes
        
        i. Changes in the formed elements of blood
        
        ii. Rolling and adhesion
        
        iii. Emigration
        
        iv. Chemotaxis
        
        2) Phagocytosis
    - - Due to vasodilation and increased blood flow
    - - Activation of inflammatory mediators like Histamine and Bradykinin which stimulate nerve endings = PAIN
    - - Fluid accumulation in extravascular area due to increased membrane permeability
    - - Movement of inflamed area can result in pain, also swelling may physically prevent movement
    - - Due to vasodilation and increased blood flow
  - - - Available as pills, injections, inhaler, creams and ointments
    - - E.g. Harpagophytum procumbens, hyssop, ginger, turmeric and cannabis
    - - E.g. paracetamol and Tylenol
    - - E.g. olive oil, high fiber foods, tomatoes, nuts, spinach, salmon and oranges
    - - E.g. naproxen, ibuprofen and aspirin