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Guangyuan Pan Period 2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Guangyuan Pan Period 2 Skeletal System
Names of all the bones
Pectoral girdle
scapula
clavicle
Upper limbs
radius
carpal
humerus
metacarpal
ulna
phalanges
Thoracic cage
ribs
sternum
Pelvic girdle
coxal
Vertebral column
thoracic vertebra
scarum
cervical vertebra
coccyx
lumbar vertebra
Lower limbs
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
tarsal
metatarsal
phalanges
Skull
Cranial bones
occipital
frontal
sphenoid
parietal
ethmoid
temporal
Facial bones
maxilla
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal concha
mandible
lacrimal
nasal
vomer
Types of bones
Short Bone
equal in length and width like the
wrist and ankles
Flat Bone
Shaped like a plate with a broad surface like the ribs,
scapula, and the flattened skull bones
Long Bone
The bones that is long with expanded ends
Irrregular bone
Irregular bones usually change depending on it's role like the
vertebrae and some facial bones
Bone remodeling
Nutrition
vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption
Physical exercise
when muscles pull on bones at their attachment sites, it stresses the bone, which will cause it to increase in thickness and strength
Hormonal secretions
Growth hormone: stimulates division of cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate
Sex hormones: stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates
to end growth in height
Osteoclasts resorb while osteoblasts deposit bone throughout your life and that process is called bone remodeling
Bone fracture repair
Fiussured
An incomplete fracture line through the bone
Comminuted
Where the bone is completely shattered
Greenstick
the fractrure is incomplete and bends the bone
Transverse
A fractur is completely cut and breaks right through the bone
Oblique
right angle fractur on the axis of the bone
Spiral
When the bone is twisted and cracked.
Joints
Synovial
The ends of bones are synovial joints and are covered with
hyaline articular cartilage.
Is free movement
It makes a liquid called synovial fluid which lubricates the
joints.
Freely moveable (Diarthrotic)
Cartilaginous
Connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Has discs between vertebrae to help get shock and it's
slightly moveable
Examples include the pubic symphysis and the first ribs with
the sternum
Slightly moveable (Amphiarthortic)
Fibrous
Some are moveable like the joints between the distal, tibia,
and fibula
Immovable joints like the skull
Immovable (Synarthrotic)
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Types of articulation
Plane
A surface where it's nearly flat or slightly curved
Like the joints of the wrist and ankle
Nonaxial
Hinge
A surface of the bone that fits into a concave surface of another
bone
Like the elbow and joints between the phalanges
Uniaxial
Condylar
Ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
Like the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
Biaxial
Pivot
Uniaxial
A cylindrical surface that rotates within a ring of bone and
ligament
Like the joints between the dens of the axis and the atlas
Ball and socket
Egg shaped bone end that has a cup to go into so it would allow
a wide range of motion
Like the shoulder and hip joints
Multiaxial
Saddle
Found between bones that have both a concave and convex
area where they are articulated
Like the joints between the carpal and the metacarpal of the
thumb
Biaxial
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic Cavity
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped.
The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
Sacrum
Female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male.
Pelvic Gridle
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments.
The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the males are oval.
The female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider than the corresponding structures of a male.
Coccyx
Female coccyx is more movable than that of a male.
Disorders
When the bone breaks it gives the chance for the
bone to get a disorder
the spongy bone forms in regions close to making blood
vessels and fibrocartilage forms iun more distant regions
a hard callus replaces the fibrocartilage
the blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and form a
hematoma
osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue making new bone
structure much like the original bone
Anatomy of the long bone
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
The hollow chamber inside the bone
Yellow marrow
s similar to bone marrow but yellow, it's a special
type of connective tissue
Compact Bone
A very tightly packed tissue which forms the wall of the diaphysis
Periosteum
It is a tough layer of dense connective tissue and it covers the
bone with ligaments and tendons
Endosteum
A medullary cavity is lined with a thin layer of cells
Distal Epiphysis
Femur
The femur itself is the end of the bone
Proxmial Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Lines
Articular Cartilage
it covers the epiphyses which basically
covers a lot of the bone
Spongy Bone
consists of many branching bones called
trabeculae
Spaces containing red marrow