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Cell Bio & Biochem Pt. 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Tyrosine (a.a) derived)
    - - Tyrosine (a.a) derived)
      - Epinephrine, Noradrenaline
    - - polypeptide chain
  - - - Prepackaged (vesicles) before stimulus
      - Derived from tyrosine (a.a)
    - - Stimulus = STRESS, hypoglycemia (via SNS)
    - - FAST response
        
        FIGHT or FLIGHT
        
        Systemic vasoconstriction, incr HR, incr BMR, and release of energy stores
  - - - Phosphorylation
        
        attachement of phosphate group to a protein
        
        Protein kinase = phosphorylates (ON)
        
        Proteins phosphotase = removes protein (OFF)
      - GTP binding
        
        G proteins with - GDP <--> GTP proteins
        
        GTP binding (ON)
        
        GTP unbinding (OFF)
  - - - Conformational change on binding ligand allowing for ions to move through the ion channel passively
      - Ion Specific Channel
    - - Conformational change on ligand binding causes domain on the receptor to become active for:
        
        coupling of an assoc. enzyme
        
        activate intrisnic enzyme activity within the receptor
      - Example
        
        Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
        
        Extracellular ligand binding of RTK causes the intracellular portion of the receptor (tyrosine kinase domain) to dimerize and phosphorylate and allow for associated enzymes to bind and relay their signals
        
        Insulin Receptor
    - - Binding of the ligand produces a conformational change in the G protein (ie GTP binding)
      - Activated G-protein then couples to enzymes/ion channels to have their effect
      - Epinephrine Receptor
        
        Liver
        
        increase ffa utilisatiuon and ketone body synthesis
        
        incraese glycogenlysis
        
        increase gluconeogensis
        
        Muscle
        
        increae ffa utilisation via beta oxidation and decreasing gluoce uptake, incraese in glycogenolysis
        
        Adipose Tissue
        
        increase ffa release via Hormone sensitive lipase
        
        epinephrine is bound and activates adenyl cyclase = incraeses cAMP = actiavtes cAMP dependant kinases = phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase = release of ffa = beta-oxidation of ffa yeilds for gluconeogensis and ketone bodies
      - nb: second messengers = cAMP, Ca++, IP3 can diffuse throuhout the cell and have their effect
        
        Activates it via the binding of GTP
        
        Activation of adenylate cyslase = ATP --> cAMP
        
        cAMP a second messenger activates kinases to open ion channels and other enzymes
        
        inhibits via the binding of GTP
        
        Activation of phosphodiesterase = cAMP --> AMP
        
        reduces level of cAMP which can inhibit the activity of enzymes downstream
        
        Activates phospholipase C = IP3 to increase Ca++ intracellularly
  - - - polypeptide chain
        
        generated as a proform - disulphide bonds form, its cleaved to be activated
      - prepackaged in vesicles before stimulus
    - - glucose is phosphyorlyated and glycolysis occurs = ATP is generated
      - -> causes ATP-K+ channel to close (depolarisation) = Ca++ Vg channel is activated --> Ca++ causes membrane insulin vesicles to be release from the Beta cells
    - - When bound = dimerizes the receptor which actiavtes the tryrosine kinase to bring in enzymes to set off the cascade which will result in GLUT4 transporter to glucose into the cell
    - - Liver
        
        stimulates glycolysis and glycogen snthesis and decrease lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
        
        Stimulates synthesis of FFA--> TGAs, and transport of lipid to be cleaved via lipases to be stored adipose tisues
      - Muscle
        
        stimulates gluscoe metabolism and glycogen synthesis
      - Adipose tissues
        
        stimulates TGA syhtnesis for storage
      - nb: Fed vs Starved
        
        Insulin is high in fed and low in starved/fasting
    - - (essentially = prolonged starved state) --> chronically low or absent Insulin
      - Decreasaed TGA, protein stores and increase BGL and ketone bodies
      - Obesity and Diabetes
        
        Expanding adipose tissues = post receptor effcets
        
        Insluin resistance = leading to down regulation of the recepotors
      - Advanced Glycated Endproducts (AGE)
        
        Proteins become glycated and this affcets their function
        
        Ex. LDL receptors -- this can impair cholesterol metabolism
        
        Ex. RBCs --> HbA1c (glycated Hb)
      - DM and periodontitis
        
        Bidirectional effcets (ie <--> each other can worsen symptoms)
        
        DM = hyperinflammatory response = impairs repair especially with gingival disease
        
        RAGE (receptor AGE) found in perio tissues = exaggerates the effects disease/breakdown
- - - - Tyrosine (a.a) derived)
  - - - Not prepackaged before stimulus
      - Derived from tyrosine (a.a)
    - - Stimulus = TSH
      - Regulated by the Hypothalamic pituitary thryoid axis
        
        -ve feedback loop
    - - Slow/long response
        
        BMR
        
        Other effects: HR, SNS, Respiration, RBC production
    - - TSH --> activates TSH pumps to bring iodine into the cells --> tyrosine residues on thryglobulin are iodinated --> they are degraded in the follicle cell to become T4 and T3
      - T4/T3 which diffuses into the blood stream to have its target effects
      - Thyroid Disease
        
        Hyperthyroidism
        
        increase caries risk, perio disease, burninf mouth syndrome
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Salivary gland enlarement, glossitis, periodontal disease
  - - - 1) Transport bound to the carrier protein
      - 2) Dissociate from carrier at target cell/ diffuse passivley in
      - 4) Bind cytosolic receptor and transloacted into the nucleus
      - Receptor Super Family
        
        molceules w/ dissimilar structures but similar functions (transcription factors = DNA binding domain)
        
        ex> Cortisol, estrogen, Vitamin D, thyroid hormnone
      - 5) Alternatively irectly binds the nucleus - binds to DNA and increase transcription for gene expression
        
        Promotor region on DNA is bound by the hormone via the specific receptor, change the conformation causing increase transcription, translation and proteins produced ie by gene 1, 2, and 3
- - - - Salivary gland acinii = secretion
      - MSK cells = contraction
      - Pacemaker cells heart = reduce HR
  - - - Transcription/Synthesis = minutes-hours
      - Dependant on gene expression/ protein synthesis
    - - (Allosteric) Ion channels = milliseconds
      - Phyosphorlyation = seconds
      - Modification of pre-existing molecules
  - - - Amino acids
      - Steroid hormones
  - - - Peptides/Proteins
      - Amino acids