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Hypocalcemia🦴 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 🐍 S shaped curve in neck
      - Rectal 🌡️ variable w/ ambient temp
      - Sternal recumbency :explode:
      - Poor peripheral perfusion
      - ⬆️ HR, weak pulse
      - Mydriasis, slow PLR
      - Lack of manure behind cow
      - ⬇️ rumen and intestinal motility = bloat
    - - Unresponsive --> Coma
      - Very poor 💓 function
      - Flaccid paralysis
      - Bloat, may aspirate
      - Lateral Recumbency :explode:
      - poor anal tone
      - death (resp failure)
    - - fine muscle tremors
      - Slight ataxia
      - ⬇️ urine + BMs
      - mild tachycardia
      - Hyperexcitable, restless
      - Sometimes: dystocia, retained placenta
      - ⬇️feed intake
      - Able to stand :explode: : :explode:
- - - - Toxaemic
        
        Severe clinical mastitis (CHECK UDDER :!!:)
        
        other source
      - Traumatic = Msk - Nerve damage
      - Metabolic
        
        Milk Fever
        
        HypoMg
        
        HypoP
      - Prolonged = Pressure induced damage
  - - - Ca is bound to albumin (pH dependent)
      - Inexpensive
      - Affected by serum [TP]
      - Cutpoint: 1.88-2/35mmol/L
    - - 💰💰
      - Cut-pointL <1.17mmol/L
      - Cow-side testing
      - 50% Ca in circulation = healthy
        
        iCa+tCa relationship changes around 🤰🏽
      - Bioactive form of 🩸 Ca
- - - - Dry cow TMR ➡️ Lactating TMR
      - Non-lactating ➡️ Lactating
      - Maternity/dry pen ➡️ Fresh pen
      - Pregnant ➡️ Non-pregnant
      - 30-50% affected by metabolic or infectious dz around parturition
    - - Energy Deficit
      - Lipolysis
      - Hypocalcemia
      - ⬇️ neutrophil function
      - ⬇️ Feed intake
  - - - 5%
    - - 40-60%
- - - - Abcesses
  - - - Concurrent cardiac 🩺
      - Arrhythmias, tachycardia
      - Give 🐢
      - Beware of endotoxemic cows
  - - - SQ Ca Relapse prevention
        
        solutions w/ dextrose :red_cross:
        
        :red_cross: use as only source - poor perfusion
      - Oral Ca Relapse prevention
        
        Bovikalc (CaCl + CaSO4)
        
        Pastes (irritating!)
        
        :red_cross: :no_entry: give if down and untreated IV
        
        Ca proprionate
- - - - Ca binder
        
        sodium aluminum silicate
        
        Binds Ca in GIT = ⬇️ Ca absorption
      - Limited dietary Ca intake
        
        Goal: ⬇️ Ca balance pre-calving to ⬆️ [PTH]
        
        Challenging
    - - Negative DCAD
        
        Acidify diet in dry period
        
        (-) DCAD close-up = mild metabolic acidosis = quicker response to low blood Ca
        
        ⬇️ K = forages (high 🍌); no fertilizers; more corn silage
        
        Calculate DCAD & ++urine acidifiers to Diet
        
        1️⃣ Anionic Supplement 3-4wks pre-partum
        
        Mg/Ca/NH4Cl
        
        HCl
        
        Mg/Ca/(NH₄)₂SO₄
        
        2️⃣ ↓ pH and ↑ urinary Ca excretion
        
        3️⃣ at parturition: ↑ bone resorption + efficiency of GIT Ca absorption
        
        4️⃣ Quicker response to low blood Ca
      - Other considerations
        
        Limit [🍌] = promotes calcitriol
        
        Mg level - needed for bone resorption
        
        Limit intake of strong cations (🍌 🧂)
        
        Dietary Ca% - high vs low - lack of consensus
      - Palatability
        
        Not eating cause of acidosis :red_cross: taste
        
        Use TMR (less selectively permitted)
      - Pros
        (Multiparous cows)
        
        ⬇️ Subclincal hypocalcemia
        
        ⬇️ Perpartum dz
        
        ⬇️ Milk fever
        
        ⬇️ culling
        
        ⬆️ reproductive performance
        
        ⬆️ Milk yield
      - Cons
        
        Costly
        
        Palatability (?)
        
        Extra labor (monitoring)
        
        Once per week
        
        Targets 🚽:
        -** 6.0-6.5 Holstein
        
        5.8-6.2 Jerseys **
        
        Urine pH
  - - - Can be beneficial to lame cows and a risk to primiparous cows (repro) - not good for everyone???