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Nathaniel Matulessya Period 2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Nathaniel Matulessya Period 2
Skeletal System
The Bones
Skull
Cranial bones
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
Facial bones
maxilla
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal concha
mandible
lacrimal
nasal
vomer
Vertebral column
cervical vertebra
thoracic vertebra
lumbar vertebra
scarum
coccyx
Thoracic cage
ribs
sternum
Pectoral girdle
scapula
clavicle
Upper limbs
humerus
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpal
phalanges
Pelvic girdle
coxal
Lower limbs
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
tarsal
metatarsal
phalanges
Types of Bones
Flat
Shaped like a plate with a broad surface like the ribs, scapula, and the flattened skull bones
Short
The bones that are usually equal in length and width like the wrist and ankles
Long
The bones that is long with expanded ends like the arm and legs
Irregular
Irregular bones usually change depending on it's role like the vertebrae and some facial bones
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis
Compact Bone
A very tightly packed tissue which forms the wall of the diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
The hollow chamber inside the bone is called the Medullary Cavity.
Endosteum
A medullary cavity is lined with a thin layer of cells, and that is called the Endosteum
Yellow marrow
Yellow marrow is similar to bone marrow but yellow, it's a special type of connective tissue,
Periosteum
It is a tough layer of dense connective tissue and it covers the bone with ligaments and tendons
Distal Epiphysis
Femur
The femur itself is the end of the bone
Proxmial Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Lines
Articular Cartilage
With hyaline caritlage it covers the epiphyses which basically covers a lot of the bone.
Spongy Bone
The spongy bone consists of many branching bones called trabeculae
Spaces containing red marrow
Joints
Immovable (Synarthrotic)
Slightly moveable (Amphiarthortic)
Freely moveable (Diarthrotic)
Fibrous
Immovable joints like the skull
Some are moveable like the joints between the distal, tibia, and fibula
Cartilaginous
Connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Has discs between vertebrae to help get shock and it's slightly moveable
Examples include the pubic symphysis and the first ribs with the sternum
Synovial
Is free movement
The ends of bones are synovial joints and are covered with hyaline articular cartilage.
It makes a liquid called synovial fluid which lubricates the joints.
Movements allowed my Synovial Joints
Types of articulation
Ball and socket
Egg shaped bone end that has a cup to go into so it would allow a wide range of motion
Like the shoulder and hip joints
Multiaxial
Condylar
Ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
Like the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
Biaxial
Hinge
A surface of the bone that fits into a concave surface of another bone
Like the elbow and joints between the phalanges
Uniaxial
Plane
A surface where it's nearly flat or slightly curved
Like the joints of the wrist and ankle
Nonaxial
Pivot
A cylindrical surface that rotates within a ring of bone and ligament
Like the joints between the dens of the axis and the atlas
Uniaxial
Saddle
Found between bones that have both a concave and convex area where they are articulated
Like the joints between the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb
Biaxial
Difference between Male & Female skeletons
Pelvic Cavity
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped.
The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
Sacrum
Female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male.
Pelvic Gridle
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments.
The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the males are oval.
The female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider than the corresponding structures of a male.
Coccyx
Female coccyx is more movable than that of a male.
Disorder
When the bone breaks it gives the chance for the bone to get a disorder
the blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and form a hematoma
the spongy bone forms in regions close to making blood vessels and fibrocartilage forms iun more distant regions
a hard callus replaces the fibrocartilage
osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue making new bone structure much like the original bone
Bone Fracture repair
Greenstick
the fractrure is incomplete and bends the bone
Fiussured
An incomplete fracture line through the bone
Comminuted
Where the bone is completely shattered
Transverse
A fractur is completely cut and breaks right through the bone
Oblique
right angle fractur on the axis of the bone
Spiral
When the bone is twisted and cracked.
Bone Remodeling
Osteoclasts resorb while osteoblasts deposit bone throughout your like and that process is called bone remodeling
Nutrition
vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption
Hormonal secretions
Growth hormone: stimulates division of cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate
Sex hormones: stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates to end growth in height
Physical exercise
when muscles pull on bones at their attachment sites, it stresses the bone, which will cause it to increase in thickness and strength