Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Atom: the smallest unit of an element - Coggle Diagram
Atom
: the smallest unit of an element
Made of 3
subatomic
particles
:
Electron
: negatively charged subatomic particle; found in electron "clouds"
Proton
: positively charged subatomic particle; found in an atom's nucleus alongside neutrons
Neutron
: neutral subatomic particle with no charge; found in an atom's nucleus alongside protons
Element
: made up of all the same
atoms
which have the same number of protons in each nuclei
Compound
: two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
ex) NaCl or H2O
Molecule
: two or more atoms bonded;
-a compound is always a molecule-
Ionic bonding:
any two oppositely charged
atoms
may bond; allows for bonding by making a cation (+) an anion (-); the transfer of
electrons
by itself is not a bond
Ionic compounds
(salts): compounds formed by
ionic bonds
and are crystal salts
ex) NaCl
Hydrogen ion:
when a hydrogen atom loses an electron it becomes the cation H+ (a proton)
pH
: otherwise known as "per
hydrogen
" is a scale used to measure how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is;
hydrogen ions
determine pH
Covalent bonding:
sharing of electrons between atoms ex) H2O
Polar
: one atom in a covalent bond is more electronegative and attracts electrons more a different atom, resulting in unequal sharing of electrons and a partial negative and partial positive side
Hydrogen bonding
: very weak inter-molecular force when a hydrogen is bonded to a significantly more electronegative atom and becomes partially positive itself; this allows it to be attracted to electronegative atoms nearby
Non-polar:
equal sharing of electrons between two atoms in a covalent bond, neither atom is significantly more electronegative than the other
Biological Molecules
Protein
: macromolecule used for a WIDE variety of functions: defense, storage, transport, movement, etc
Amino Acids:
make up proteins; 20 unique amino acids; have a carboxyl group and an amino group attached to alpha carbon (as well as a hydrogen and an R group)
Primary structure:
sequence of amino acids (sequence determined by genes); like the beads strung in a necklace
Secondary structure:
coils/folds with H-bonds; can be either an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure:
shape of polypeptide from side chain interactions
Quaternary structure:
2+ polypeptide chains together ex) collagen, hemoglobin
Nucleic Acids:
made up of nucleotides, sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate gorup
DNA
(adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine
)
RNA
(adenine, guanine, cytosine,
uracil
)
Sugars:
make up carbohydrates; monosaccharide/disaccharides
Monosaccharides:
some form of CH2O; nutrients for cells ex)glucose
Disaccharides:
2 monosacchardies joined by glycosidic linkage; ex) maltose used in beer; sucrose as table sugar
Polysaccharides:
macromolecules;storage material, building material ex) starch in plants (wheat, corn, rice, etc), glycogen in animals (mainly in liver & muscle cells)
Lipids
: hydrophobic molecules made of mostly hydrocarbons
Phospholipids
: make up cell membranes; have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
Steroids
: made up of carbon skeleton with 4 rings and different attachments for different steroids ex)
cholesterol
which is crucial for animal cell membranes
Fat
: glycerol + fatty acids; hydrophobic;
triglycerides
( a type of fat ) are stored in fat cells