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The Ancien Régime and the Enlightenment image, image, image, image,…

- - - - 17th and 18th centuries.
  - - - human reason is the only valid source of knowledge.
  - - - (1632–1704)
    - - (1711–1776)
  - - - observation and measurement
      - the establishment of a hypothesis
      - the presentation of conclusions.
      - the demonstration or refutation of the hypothesis,
  - - - Evangelista Torricelli
        
        the barometer
        
        measure atmospheric pressure.
        
        1643
      - Isaac Newton
        
        1666
        
        formulate the law of universal gravitation.
    - - 1674
      - Anton Leeuwenhoek
        
        perfected the microscope
        
        observe red blood cells and microorganisms
    - - Galileo Galilei
        
        heliocentric theory
        
        Sun is at the centre of the Solar System
        
        telescope
        
        Earth revolves around it.
      - 1609
    - - 1642
      - Blaise Pascal
        
        first mechanical calculator
        
        adding and subtracting
- - - - all citizens equal
      - before law
    - - not support absolute monarchy
      - measures to limit its powers
        
        separation of powers
        
        popular sovereignty.
    - - separation of powers.
      - three branches of government
        
        executive
        
        judicial
        
        legislative
    - - popular sovereignty.
      - power resided with the people
      - politics
        
        agreement
        
        citizens
        
        government
    - - strong monarchy
      - power
        
        limited by parliament.
  - - - international trade.
      - new economic doctrine
    - - wealth of a nation derives from its natural resources.
    - - secondary activities
        
        craftsmanship
        
        rely on agriculture.
        
        trade
      - absolute monarchs
        
        should not intervene in the economy,
        
        international trade.
      - agriculture
        
        main source of wealth
        
        provides the products
        
        food
        
        raw materials
        
        craftsmanship
  - - - new economic doctrine
    - - state should not intervene
        
        processes of production
        
        exchange of goods
    - - free trade
        
        exchange of goods
        
        between countries without any restrictions.
      - free competition
        
        force the business owner to improve
        
        reduce prices in order to sell.
        
        quality of his or her products
      - freedom of production
        
        business owners
        
        market demanded.
  - - - Modern Age
      - Early Modern Age
    - - contributed to the collapse
      - thereby marking the end
  - - - political structures
      - social structures
  - - - crucial
      - thinkers believed
        
        better society
        
        all men were free and equal
        
        before the law.
    - - economic growth
      - people's wellbeing
    - - essential
      - learn a lot
      - share their knowledge
        
        educate
        
        eenlighten' society.
    - - source of knowledge
  - - - academies
      - books
      - newspapers
      - salons
      - people's homes
    - - extensive collection
      - the encyclopedia
      - summarised knowledge
      - many areas of study
        
        alphabetical order