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History of STS in the Philippines - Coggle Diagram
History of STS in the Philippines
Precolonial
STONE AGE
By around 3,000 B.C., people were making adzes, seashell decorations, and numerous types of earthenware. Pottery production thereafter evolved and prospered for about 2,000 years, until it was challenged by imported Chinese porcelain.
Humans produced rudimentary tools and weapons out of stone flakes for nearly 40,000 years before developing skills for cutting, drilling, and polishing hard stones.
Archaeological evidence suggests that about 50,000 years ago, modern men (homo sapiens) from the Asian continent traveled overland and over small waterways to dwell in Palawan and Batangas.
The Stone Age settlers later established colonies in key Philippine islands such as Sulu, Mindanao (Zamboanga and Davao), Negros, Samar, and Luzon (Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and the Cagayan region).
IRON AGE
The Iron Age is said to have lasted from the second and third centuries B.C. and the eleventh century A.D. Iron slags have been discovered during excavations of Philippine tombs and labor sites.
It appears that the iron industry, like pottery manufacturing, could not survive competition from imported cast iron from Sarawak and, subsequently, China.
Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, manufacturing ceramics and glass decorations, and farming by the first century A.D.
TENTH CENTURY A.D.
Filipinos have also learnt how to construct boats for coastal trade. These vessels were ideal for inter-island commerce raids. Later, the Spaniards used Filipino boat-building and seamanship ability to battle the Dutch, Portuguese, Muslims, and the Chinese pirate Limahong, as well as to build and crew the galleons that went to Mexico.
By the tenth century A.D., Butuans were dealing with Champa (Vietnam), and Ma-i (Mindoro) with China. There are several allusions to the Philippines in Chinese documents that have now been translated. These show that regular commercial connections between the two nations were firmly established between the tenth and fifteenth centuries.
Filipinos in Mindanao and Sulu traded with people from Borneo, Malacca, and other areas of the Malay Peninsula. This trade appears to predate those with the Chinese.
Spanish Regime
When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines colonies in 1565, they discovered many scattered, independent village communities (called barangays) all across the archipelago.
Settlements along the coast that have been exposed to international commerce and cultural exchanges, such as Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, Southern Mindanao, and Sulu, appear to have advanced in technology.
The Spanish colonizers saw Filipinos farming rice, vegetables, and cotton throughout the islands; rearing swine, goats, and fowls; making wine, vinegar, and salt; weaving fabric, and generating beeswax and honey.
Filipinos were mining for gold in locations like Panay, Mindoro, and Bicol. They dressed brightly, manufactured their own gold jewelry, and even had gold fillings in their teeth.
Many Filipinos continued to hunt in the interior and mountain villages. They harvested forest goods to trade with towns in the lowlands and along the shore.
Although the Filipinos could read and write in their own language, it was mostly utilized for communications and correspondence. They do not appear to have established a written literary tradition at the time.
There appeared to be minimal impetus for creativity and innovation among the early Filipinos due to an abundance of natural resources, a pleasant environment, and a relatively sparse population.
The Spaniards created schools, hospitals, and began scientific study, which had a significant impact on the growth of the country's professions.
The participation of religious organizations in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago, as well as the colonial government's economic and commercial policies, profoundly influenced the direction and rate of scientific and technological progress.
The Spanish colonial administration integrated the precolonial ruling elite, the datus and their hereditary heirs, into this new structure to serve as the heads of the lowest level of local government, i.e. as cabezas de barangay.
The colonial authorities saw the new arrangement as an efficient means of establishing centralized political control over the archipelago – for the imposition and collection of the tribute tax, as well as the execution of forced labor service.
In many regions, the first century of Spanish administration resulted in severe socioeconomic upheaval and a fall in kin agricultural output and traditional crafts.
Filipinos came from their barangays to the city to serve in convents and so evade forced labor duties in shipyards and woods in the territory surrounding the walled city of Manila.
First Republic
During the brief reign of the Philippine Republic, there was minimal progress in science and technology (1898-1900).
By a decree issued on October 19, 1898, the government began measures to establish a secular educational system, establishing the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state-supported institution of higher learning.
It provided instruction in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy, and notary public.
The University was able to perform graduation exercises at Tarlac on September 29, 1899, when degrees in medicine and law were given during its brief existence.