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Skeletal System, Karina Salazar, Per.2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System, Karina Salazar, Per.2
Axial Skeleton
; consists of the bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the head, neck and trunk,
Skull
; Frontal Bone, Parietal Bone, Occipital Bone, Temporal Bones, Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid bone.
Facial Bones
; Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic, Palatine, Inferior nasal concha, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer
Middle Ear Bones
; Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Hyoid
bone(Supports the tongue and aids in swallowing
Vertebrae Column
; Cervical vertebra(7bones), Thoracic vertebra(12 bones), Lumbar Vertebra(5 bones), Sacrum, coccyx
Thoracic cage
; Ribs(24 bones), Sternum(breastbone)
Appendicular skeleton
; consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral Girdle
; Scapula(shoulder blades), Clavicle(collarbone)
Upper Limbs
; Humerus(upper arm), Radius(Lateral Forearm), Ulna(medial forearm), Carpal(wrist), Metacarpal(Palms), Phalanges(fingers).
Pelvic Girdle
; Coxal (hip bone)
Hip Bone consists of
; Illium, ischium, pubic bones
Lower Limb
; Femur(thigh), Tibia(shine bone), Fibula(Lateral lower leg), Patela(kneecap), Tarsal(ankle), Metatarsal(Sole of foot), Phalanges(toes)
Structure of Long Bones
Epiphysis
; The ends of a long bone that connects to other bones that form joints.
Articular Cartilage
; it is made of hyaline cartilage and covers the epiphysis
Diaphysis
; the long middle part(shaft)
Perioustrium
; The outer sheet like layer which covers and protects the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
Medullary Cavity
; The hollow chamber of the shaft(Diaphysis)
Endometrium
; The medullary cavity is lined up with a thin layer of cells
Bone Marrow
; Inside the medullary cavity there is a special type of connective tissue
Compact Bone
is a very tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of the diaphysis
The epiphysis are filled with spongy (cancellous) bone, which reduces the weight of the skeleton.
Spongy Bone
consists of many branching bony plates called
trabeculae
Bone Function
The function of bones is to support and protect. The bone gives shape to the head, face, thorax, and limbs.
Bones help in movement; bones act with muscles to cause movement of limbs and other body parts
Blood cell formation (hemotopoiesis) two kinds of marrow occupy the medullary cavities and the larger central canals of bone yhe red marrow and the yellow marrow. Red Marrow occupies the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis in adults.
Bones also functions in the storage of inorganic salts. For instance, the extracellular matrix of bone is rich in calcium salts, mainly calcium phosphate. Bone also stores magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate ions. Bones can also accumulate harmful metallic elements, such as lead, radium, and stronium
Bone remodeling
Bones remodelling is the continuous metabolic process of bone breakdown (resorption) by specialized cells called osteoclasts, followed by formation of new bone tissue (ossification) by cells called osteoblasts.
Osteoclasts resorb and osteoblasts deposit bone throughout life, in a process alled bone remodeling. An average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium is exchanged each year. The remodeling process is controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels.
Differences Between male and female bones
A females skeleton is usually much smoother and less knobby than a male's. Male's skeleton is usually thicker, rougher, and appears bumpier. Due to the fact that males have larger muscles and therefore their skeletons require stronger attachment sites.
The pelvic girdle; the female hip bones are lighter, thinner and have less evidence of muscular attachments. The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the males are oval. The female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider than the corresponding structures of a male
In the pelvic cavity; The female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter/roomier and less funnel-shaped. The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
Sacrum; The female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male.
Coccyx; The females coccyx is more movable than the males
Types of bones
Flat bones; Thin, flat, slightly curved. ex.) Sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones
Long bones; longer than they are wide
Short bone; Cube shaped bones in wrist and ankle. ex.) sesamoid bones from within tendons like patella
Irregular bones; Complicated shapes, vertebrae and hip bones
Joints
Fibrous Joint
; composed of dense connective tissue, Most are immovable, such as the sutures of the skull, A few are slightly movable, such as the joint between the distal tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
; Connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage, Intervertebral discs between vertebrae help absorb shock and are slightly movable, Other examples include the pubic symphysis and the first rib with the sternum
Synovial Joints
: Are diarthrotic (allow free movement), Articular ends of bones in a synovial joint are covered with hyaline (articular) cartilage, Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints
Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint:
Consists of a bone with a globular or egg-shaped head articulating with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone, Allows widest range of motion, including movement in all planes (multiaxial)
Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint:
Permits back and forth and side to side movements within 2 planes (biaxial), but not rotation, Examples: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Plane (gliding) joint:
Allows a sliding or twisting movement (nonaxial), Examples: joints of the wrist and ankle, as well as those between vertebrae, sacroiliac joints
Hinge joint:
Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial), like hinge of a door, Examples: the elbow and joints between phalanges
Pivot (trochoid) joint:
Allows only rotation around central axis (uniaxial), Examples: joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas
Saddle (sellar) joint:
Permits a variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes (biaxial)•Example: the joint between the trapezium (carpal) and the metacarpal of the thumb
Types of Joint movements
Flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
Lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Hyperextension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Abduction:moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction:moving a body part toward the midline
Dorsiflexion:ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin; points the toes
Rotation:movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
Pronation:rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Supination:rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
Inversion:turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
Eversion:turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally
Protraction:moving a part of the body forward
Retraction:moving a part of the body backward
Elevation:raising a part of the body
Depression:lowering a part of the body