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THE ANCIENT REGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT, image, image, image, image,…
THE ANCIENT REGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Philosophy, science and art in the ancient regimen
Rationalism and empiricism were new ways of thinking that emrged in the 17th century
Descartes found moder rationalims
1595-1650
In rationalism human reason is the only valid source of knowledge
Advocates of empiricism were, Luck and Hume
knowledge could only come from sensory experience and observation
Rationalism and empiricism became the basis of the scientific method, this led to scientific developments in the 17th and 18th century
Knowledge of chemistry, medicine and other sciences could be acquired and tested by...
observation and masurement
the establishment of a hypothesis
the demostration or refutation of the hypothesis
The presentation of conclusions
Advances in mathematics, astronomy, phisics and medicine
Astronomy
1609 Galileo Galilei
He used the telescope to prove the helicocentric theory, tha the sun was in the centre of the Solar System.
Physics
1643 Evangelista Torricel
He iinvented the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure
1666 Isaac Newton
He used the scientific method to formulate the law of universal gravitation
Medicine and biology
1674 Anton Leeuwenhoek
He perfected the microscope, he used to obseve red blood cells and microorganisms for the first time
Mathematics
1642 Blaise Pascal
He invented the first mechanical calculator capable of adding and subtracting
Baroque Art
Was very popular Iin Europe
Characteritics
Sculpture
Human poses were sculptured in dynamic poses, with expresive faces.
Bernini's David
Architecture
Oval floor plans, and curved façades, created a more dynamic appareance.
The Church of St charles in Rome, designed by Borromoni
Painting
Large and colourful, where often royal portraits, feature historical or mythological themes. In churches painting reflected Christ, the Virgin Mery, angels and the saints.
Caravaggio and Rubens
Protestant countries art
They didn't decorate theis churches with sculptures or painting, because they rejected the worship of images
Small painting were common in wealthy bourgeois, this were portraits, still life or every day situations
Rembrandt and Vermeer van Delft
Inspain is know as the Golden Age
Architecture
Salamnca's Plaza Mayor is a particular highlight
Sculpture
Became a very important part of the Holy Week processions
Christ lying by Georgio Fernandez, and Christ of mercy by Martinez Montalñez
Paintings
Same subjects as in other countries
Important Sapnish Baroque painters were, Bartolome Esteban Murillo and Diego Velazquez
The 18th century: the Enlightenment
The 18th century was a time of transition between the Early Modern Age and the Modern Age in Europe.
the end of the Early Modern Age
Enlightment
was an important intellectual movement and a new way of thinking that emerged in Europe during the 18th century
Enlightenment thinkers criticised the political and social structures of the Ancien Régime
Enlightenment thought
learning and teaching were essential
People must learn as much as possible and share their knowledge. This is why is called the Enlightenment.
reason
is the only real source of knowledge, rather than irrational beliefs and dogma
science and technological progress
this would lead to economic growth and improve people's wellbeing
equality and liberty were crucial
people believed that a better society would only be possible if all men were free and equal before the law
Enlightenment ideas were spread through the academies, books, newspapers and salons
D'Alembert and Diderot, and other enlightment thinkers, created an extensive collection of writings called The encyclopedia
It summarised knowledge from many areas of study in alphabetical order
Enlightment in Spain
Who Spanish Enlightenment thinkers spread their ideas
They established schools and academies, such the Real Academia de la Lengua in Madrid, and special associations called sociedades económicas de amigos del país.
They also published scientific and literary journals
Public institutions were created
the Royal Botanical Gardens in Madrid and the first astronomical observatory in Cádiz
THE POLITICAL IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment thinkers did not support absolute monarchy and they proposed measures to limit its powers, such as the separation of powers and popular sovereignty.
Montesquieu
argued for the separation of powers
the three branches of government should be separated
the legislative, executive and judicial branches were the three branches of goverment
Voltaire
favoured a strong monarchy. He also thought its power should be limited by parliament.
Rousseau
introduced the idea of popular sovereignty
He argued that power resided with the people rather than the crown, and that politics should be based on agreement between the citizens and their government
THE ECONOMIC IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
hysiocracy is the belief that the wealth of a nation derives from its natural resources
Physiocrats believed that:
agriculture is a country's main source of wealth because it provides the products needed for food and the raw materials for craftsmanship
Craftsmanship and trade are secondary activities
The state, absolute monarchs, should not intervene in the economy, since protectionist measures inhibit international trade.
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
In the mid-18th century a new economic doctrine called economic liberalism emerged. It was based on the ideas of Scottish thinker Adam Smith.
The state should not intervene in the processes of production or exchange of goods. Instead, it should allow individual business owners to create wealth
economic liberals argued
freedom of production for business owners. They could produce as much as the market demanded.
Free trade, exchange of goods between countries without any restrictions
free competition, which would force the business owner to improve the quality of his or her products and/or reduce prices in order to sell.
